Chapter 2 - Basic Exercise Science

Question 1

Human Movement System

Answer 1

The combination and interrelation of the nervous, muscular and skeletal systems.

Question 2

Kinetic Chain

Answer 2

The interaction of the 3 systems responsible for human movement (the nervous, skeletal, and muscular systems).

Question 3

Nervous system

Answer 3

A conglomeration of billions of cells specifically designed to provide a communication network within the human body.

Question 4

What are the 2 parts of the nervous system?

Answer 4

1. Central Nervous System (CNS) - brain, spinal cord.

2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - cranial and spinal nerves.

Question 5

Central Nervous System

Answer 5

• • Brain and spinal cord.

- - Coordinates the activity of all parts of the body.

Question 6

Peripheral Nervous System

Answer 6

• • 12 cranial nerves, 31 pairs of spinal nerves, and sensory receptors.
• • Connects CNS to the rest of the body and external environent.

Question 7

What are the 2 systems of the PNS (Peripheral Nervous system)?

Answer 7

1. Somatic Nervous System - Serves outer areas of body and skeletal muscles, provide voluntary control of movement.
2. Autonomic Nervous System - Supplies neural input to involuntary systems of the body (heart, digestive systems, and endocrine glands).

Question 8

Name the 2 parts of the Autonomic System.

Answer 8

1. Sympathetic nervous system (increases activation in preparation for activity).
2. Parasympathetic nervous system (decreases activation during rest and recovery).

Question 9

3 primary functions of the nervous system

Answer 9

1. Sensory function: allows body to sense changes in internal/external environment (i.e. walking on sand to walking on sidewalk).
2. Integrative function: allows body to analyze and interpret sensory information to allow for proper decision making.
3. Motor function: neuromuscular response to sensory information (ie changing walking pattern to manage the sand to sidewalk switch).

Question 10

Neuron

Answer 10

– Functional unit of the nervous system; a specialized cell that processes and transmits information through electrical and chemical signals.

Question 11

Name the 3 parts of a neuron.

Answer 11

1. Cell body, including: lysosomes, mitochondria, and a Golgi complex.
2. Axon, which provides communication from the brain and spinal cord to the body.
3. Dendrites, which gather information from other structures and transmit back to the neuron.

Question 12

3 kinds of neurons.

Answer 12

1. Sensory neurons respond to touch, sound, light, and other stimuli.
2. Interneurons transmit nerve impulses between neurons.
3. Motor neurons transmit nerve impulses from the brain/spinal cord to the effector sites.

Question 13

Sensory Receptors

Answer 13

Convert environmental stimuli into sensory information that the brain/spinal cord use to produce a response.

Question 14

4 kinds of receptors

Answer 14

1. Mechanoreceptors respond to mechanical force (touch/pressure).
2. Nociceptors respond to pain.
3. Chemoreceptors respond to chemical interaction (smell/taste).
4. Photoreceptors respond to light.

Question 15

Muscle Spindles

Answer 15

Are sensory receptors within muscles that run parallel to the muscle fibers and are sensitive to changes in muscle length and rate of length of change. When muscles are stretched, the spindles are also stretched, conveying information to the brain about muscle length. Muscle spindles also help in regulating the contraction of muscles via the stretch reflex mechanism, which prevents over stretching.

Question 16

Golgi Tendon Organs

Answer 16

(located where skeletal muscle fibers insert into the tendons of skeletal muscle) are sensitive to changes in muscular tension and rate of tension change. Activation of the Golgi tendon organ causes muscles to relax, preventing the muscle from excessive stress.

Question 17

Joint Receptors

Answer 17

Are located in and around the joint capsule and signal extreme joint positions.

Question 18

Skeletal System

Answer 18

The body’s framework, consists of 206 bones (177f for voluntary movement) and more than 300 joints.

Question 19

What are the divisions of the skeletal system?

Answer 19

1. Axial - skull, rib cage, and the vertebral column.

2. Appendicular - upper and lower extremities, shoulder and pelvic girdles.

Question 20

What are the 2 vital functions bones serve in movement?

Answer 20

1. Leverage (levers).

2. Support (posture).

Question 21

Remodeling

Answer 21

The renewing of bones through the process of resorption and formation.

Old bone tissue is broken down and removed by cells called osteoclasts and new bone tissue is laid down in its place by osteoblasts.

Question 22

5 Bone Types

Answer 22

1. Long
2. Short
3. Flat
4. Irregular
5. Sesamoid

Question 23

Long Bone Type

Answer 23

Long cylindrical body with irregular or widened bony ends. Composed predominantly of compact bone tissue to ensure strength and stiffness. Slight curvature good for force distribution. Ex: humerus, femur.

Question 24

Features of a Long Bone

Answer 24

1. Epiphysis: end of long bones—primary site for bone growth.
2. Diaphysis: shaft portion of long bone—primary role is support.
3. Epiphyseal plate: region connecting the diaphysis to the epiphysis.
4. Periosteum: tough, fibrous membrane that coats the bone and plays a fundamental role
   in movement by providing the point of attachment for tendons.
5. Medullary cavity: space running down center of diaphysis, contains marrow that serves as a useful energy reserve.
6. Articular (hyaline) cartilage: hard, white, shiny tissue that covers ends of articulating bones—reduces friction in joints.

Question 25

Short Bone Type

Answer 25

Similar in length/width, cubical in shape. Spongy bone tissue absorbs shock. Ex: carpals of hands, tarsals of feet.

Question 26

Flat Bone Type

Answer 26

Thin bones comprising two layers of compact bone tissue surrounding a layer of spongy bone tissue. Protects internal structures and provides attachment sites for muscles. Ex: sternum, scapulae, ribs, and cranial bones.

Question 27

Irregular Bone Type

Answer 27

Bones of unique shape and function that don’t fit other categories. Ex: vertebrae, pelvic bones, and some facial bones.

Question 28

Sesamoid Bone Type

Answer 28

Small bones embedded in a joint capsule or where a tendon passes over a joint. Develop within particular tendons at a site of considerable friction or tension. They improve leverage and protect joints from damage. Ex: patella.

Question 29

What are bone markings?

Answer 29

Bone markings are surface structures necessary for stability in joints and providing attachment sites for muscles.

Question 30

Name the 2 types of bone markings.

Answer 30

1. Depressions - Flatted or indented part of the bone. Examples:
   a) Fossa - an attachment site located on the scapulae (shoulder blades).
   b) Sulcus - a groove in a bone that allows soft tissue (tendons) to pass through (intertubercular sulcus located in humerus, known as groove for bicep tendon.
2. Processes - Projections protruding from the bone, to which muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach. Ex: spinous processes (bones jutting out of the back of the neck)

Question 31

Vertebral Column

Answer 31

The vertebral column (aka backbone, spinal column) consists of irregularly shaped bones called vertebrae.

Question 32

5 categories of vertebrae (based on location)

Answer 32

1. First 7 - (C1-C7) starting from the top are called cervical vertebrae.
2. Next 12 (T1-T12) are located in the upper/middle back and are called the thoracic vertebrae.
3. Next 5 (L1-L5) are the largest, located in the lower back, and called the lumbar vertebrae. These vertebrae support most of the body’s weight and are subject to the largest forces/stresses along the spine.
4. The sacrum is a triangular bone just below the lumbar vertebrae. Children have 4-5 sacral vertebrae that fuse into one bone as adults.
5. 5. The coccyx (tailbone) is at the bottom. Children have 3-5 bones that fuse into one as adults.

Question 33

Jobs of the vertebral column:

Answer 33

• Allows humans to stand upright and maintain their balance.
• Supports the head and arms while permitting freedom of movement
• Acts as an attachment site for several bodily components.

Question 34

Neutral spine:

Answer 34

The optimal arrangement of curves, representing a position in which the vertebrae and associated structures are under the least amount of load.

Question 35

3 major curvatures of the spine:

Answer 35

1. Posterior cervical curvature - posterior concavity of the cervical spine (upper spine curves in).
2. Anterior thoracic curvature - posterior convexity of the thoracic spine (middle spine curves out).
3. Posterior lumbar curvature - posterior concavity of the lumbar spine (lower spine curves in).

Question 36

Joints

Answer 36

• Junctions of bones, muscles and connective tissue at which movement occurs.
• Formed by one bone that articulates with another bone.

Question 37

Arthrokinetics

Answer 37

joint motion

Question 38

3 major types of joints:

Answer 38

1. Roll - as in a bike tire on a street. Ex: femoral condyles rolling over the tibial condyles during a squat.
2. Slide - as in a bike tire skidding across the street. Ex: tibial condyles sliding across femoral condyles during a knee extension.
3. Spin - like twisting off the lid of a jar. Ex: head of the radius (forearm bone) rotating on the end of the humerus during pronation and supination of the forearm.

Question 39

Kinds of joints

Answer 39

1. Synovial (most common in the human body, representing 80% of joints) – produces synovial fluid, has a joint cavity and fibrous connective tissue.
2. Nonsynovial – no joint cavity or fibrous connective tissue, little or no movement. Ex: sutures of the skull, pubic bones.

Question 40

Kinds of synovial joints:

Answer 40

• Gliding joints – no axis of rotation, moves by sliding side-to-side or back to forth (simplest movement of all joints). Ex: carpals of hand
• Condyloid joints – formed by the fitting of condyles of one bone into elliptical cavities of another; moves predominantly in one plane. Ex: knee
• Hinge joints – uniaxial; moves predominantly in one plane of motion (sagittal). Ex: elbow
• Saddle joints – one bone fits like a saddle on another bone; moves predominantly in two planes (sagittal, joint of thumb frontal). Only ex: carpometacarpal
• Pivot joints – only one axis; moves predominantly in one plane of motion (transverse). Ex: radioulnar
• Ball-and-socket joints – most mobile of joints; moves in all three planes of motion. Ex: shoulder

Question 41

Ligaments

Answer 41

Fibrous connective tissues that connect bone to bone and provide static and dynamic
stability, input to the nervous system (proprioception), guidance, and limitation of improper joint movement.

Question 42

Muscular System

Answer 42

Series of muscles that moves the skeleton.