Chapter 2 Basic Exercise Science

Question 1

Define The Phrase:

Human Movement System

Answer 1

The combination and interrelation of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems.

Question 2

What is Human Movement?

Answer 2

To nerves, muscles, and joints must work together, or be linked (chained) to produce (kinetic) motion or human movement.

Question 3

Why is the human movement system important?

Answer 3

Because all components of the human movement system must work together to produce movement. If one component of the human movement system is not working properly, it will affect the other systems and ultimately effect movement.

Question 4

Explain the basic structure and function of The Nervous System.

Answer 4

The nervous system is one of the main organ systems of the body and consists of a network of some specialized cells called neurons that transmit and coordinate signals, providing a communication network within the human body.

Question 5

Define The Phrase Sensory Function

Answer 5

The ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment

Question 6

Define the Phrase: Integrative Function

Answer 6

The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret sensory information to allow for proper decision-making, which produces the appropriate response.

Question 7

Define the Phrase: Motor Function

Answer 7

Then neuromuscular response to the sensory information.

Question 8

Define the word: Proprioception

Answer 8

The cumulative sensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors receptors that since body position and limb movement.

Question 9

Define the word: Neuron

Answer 9

The functional unit of the nervous system.

Question 10

Define the phrase: Sensory neuron’s (Afferent)

Answer 10

Transmit nerve impulses from defector sites such as muscles and organs via receptors to the brain and spinal cord.

Question 11

Define the word: Interneurons

Answer 11

Transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another.

Question 12

Define the phrase: Central Nervous System.

Answer 12

The portion of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord.

Question 13

Define the phrase: Motor Neurons: (Efferent)

Answer 13

Transmit nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to defector sites.

Question 14

Explain the basic structure of the Skeletal System?

Answer 14

The skeletal system serves many important functions it provides the shape and form for a Barties in addition to supporting, protecting, allowing bodily movement, producing blood for the body, and storing minerals.

Question 15

Define the phrase: Peripheral Nervous System

Answer 15

Cranial & spinal nerves that spread throughout the body.

Question 16

Define he phrase: Mechanoreceptors

Answer 16

Sensory receptors responsible for sensing distortion and body tissues

Question 17

Define the phrase: muscle spindles

Answer 17

Receptors sensitive to change a length of the muscle and the rate of that change.

Question 18

Define the phrase Golgi tendon organs.

Answer 18

Receptors sensitive to change intention of the muscle on the right of that change.

Question 19

Define the phrase: Joint receptors

Answer 19

Receptors surrounding a joint that responds to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint.

Question 20

Define the phrase: Muscular system

Answer 20

Series of muscles that move the skeleton

Question 21

Define the phrase: skeletal system

Answer 21

The body’s framework, composed of bones and joints.

Question 22

Define the word: bones

Answer 22

Provide a resting point or ground for muscles and protection of vital organs

Question 23

Define the word: joints

Answer 23

Junctions of bones, muscles, and connective tissue at which movement occurs. Also known as an articulation.

Question 24

Define the phrase: axial skeleton.

Answer 24

Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column.

Question 25

Define the phrase: appendicular skeleton.

Answer 25

Portion of the skeletal system that includes the upper and lower extremities.

Question 26

Define the phrase: Remodeling.

Answer 26

The process of resorption and formation of bone

Question 27

Define the phrase: osteoclasts

Answer 27

A type of Bones cell that removes bone tissue

Question 28

Define the phrase: osteoblast

Answer 28

A type of cell that is responsible for bone formation

Question 29

Name the four types of bone?

Answer 29

Long bone, short bone, flat bone, irregular bone, sesamoid bone.

Question 30

Define the word: epiphysis

Answer 30

The end of long bones, which is mainly composed of cancellous bone, and house much of the red marrow involved in red blood cell production. They are also one of the primary sites for bone growth.

Question 31

Define the word: diaphysis

Answer 31

The shaft portion of a long bone.

Question 32

Define the word: epiphyseal plate

Answer 32

The region of long bone connecting the diaphysis to the epiphysis. It is a layer of subdividing cartilaginous cells in which growth in length of the diaphysis occurs.

Question 33

Define the word: Periosteum

Answer 33

A dense membrane composed of fibrous connective tissue that closely wraps or invests all bone, except that of the articulating surfaces in joints, which are covered by synovial membrane.

Question 34

Define the phrase: medullary cavity

Answer 34

The central cavity of bone shafts where marrow is stored

Question 35

Define the phrase: Articular (Hyaline) cartilage

Answer 35

Cartilage that covers the articular surfaces of bones.

Question 36

Define the phrase: short phones.

Answer 36

Short bones are similar in length and width and appears somewhat cubicle in shape they consist predominantly of spongy bone tissue to maximize shock absorption the carpals of hands and the tarsals of feet fit this category.

Question 37

Define the phrase: flat bones.

Answer 37

Flat bones are thin bones comprising two layers of compact bone tissue surrounding a layer of spongy bone tissue. These bones are involved in protection of internal structures and also provide broad attachment sites for muscles. The flat bones include the sternum, scapula, ribs, Ilium, and cranial bones.

Question 38

Define the phrase: irregular bones.

Answer 38

Irregular bones or bones of unique shape and function that enough with the characteristics of the other categories. These include the vertebrae, pelvic, and certain facial bones.

Question 39

Define the phrase: sesamoid bones.

Answer 39

Sesamoid bones are small bones embedded in a joint capsule or found in the locations where tendon passes overjoyed. Sesamoid bones develop within particular tendons at a site of considerable friction or tension. They serve to improve leverage and protect the joint from damage.

Question 40

Define the phrase depressions.

Answer 40

Sliding door indented portions of bone, which can be muscle attachment sites.

Question 41

Define the word: processes.

Answer 41

Projections protruding from the bone where muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach.

Question 42

Define the word: vertebral column.

Answer 42

A series of irregularly shaped bones called vertebrate that houses the spinal cord.

Question 43

Define the word: arthrokinematics:

Answer 43

Describes joint motion

Question 44

Describe the word: synovial joints.

Answer 44

Joints that are held together by joint capsule and ligaments and are most associated with movement in the body

Question 45

Define the phrase: non-synovial joints.

Answer 45

Joints that do not have a joint cavity, connective tissue, or cartilage.

Question 46

Define the word :ligament

Answer 46

Primary connective tissue that connect bones together and provide stability, input to the nervous system, guidance, and the limitation of improper joint movement.

Question 47

Define the word: epimysium

Answer 47

A layer of connective tissue that is underneath the fascia and surrounds the muscle.

Question 48

Define the word: Endomysium

Answer 48

The deepest layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers.

Question 49

Define the word: Tendons.

Answer 49

Connective tissues that attach muscle to bone and provide an anchor for muscles to produce force.

Question 50

Define the word: sarcomere.

Answer 50

The functional unit of muscle that produces muscular contraction it consists of repeating sections of actin and myosin.

Question 51

Define the phrase: neural activation.

Answer 51

The contraction of a muscle generated by neural stimulation

Question 52

Define the phrase: motor unit.

Answer 52

A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates.

Question 53

Define the phrase: neurotransmitters.

Answer 53

Chemical messengers that cross the neuromuscular junction or synapse to transmit electrical impulses from the nerve to the cells.

Question 54

Describe the two steps in sliding filament Theory

Answer 54

1) a sarcomere shortens as a result of the Z lines moving closer together. 2 ) The lines converge as the result of myosin heads attaching to the actin filament across the actin filament and to the actin filament and asynchronously pulling (power strokes) the actin filament across the myosin, resulting in shortening of the muscle fiber.

Question 55

Describe type I muscle fibers.

Answer 55

Type I (slow twitch) More capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin. Increased oxygen delivery. Smaller in size. Less force produced. Slow to fatigue. Long-term contractions or stabilization. Slow twitch.,

Question 56

Describe type 2 muscle fibers.

Answer 56

Type 2 (fast twitch) Fewer capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin. Decreased oxygen delivery. Larger in size. More force produced. Quick to fatigue. Short-term contractions (force power) fast twitch.

Question 57

Explain the basic structure and function of the:

Endocrine System

Answer 57

The endocrine system is a system of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream to regulate a variety of bodily functions, including control mood, growth and development, tissue function, and metabolism.

Question 58

How do these systems adapt to exercise?

Answer 58

Research has indicated that testosterone and growth hormone levels increase after strength training and moderate to vigorous aerobic exercise.