Chapter 2 Basic Exercise Science Flashcards
Define The Phrase:
Human Movement System
The combination and interrelation of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems.
What is Human Movement?
To nerves, muscles, and joints must work together, or be linked (chained) to produce (kinetic) motion or human movement.
Why is the human movement system important?
Because all components of the human movement system must work together to produce movement. If one component of the human movement system is not working properly, it will affect the other systems and ultimately effect movement.
Explain the basic structure and function of The Nervous System.
The nervous system is one of the main organ systems of the body and consists of a network of some specialized cells called neurons that transmit and coordinate signals, providing a communication network within the human body.
Define The Phrase Sensory Function
The ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment
Define the Phrase: Integrative Function
The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret sensory information to allow for proper decision-making, which produces the appropriate response.
Define the Phrase: Motor Function
Then neuromuscular response to the sensory information.
Define the word: Proprioception
The cumulative sensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors receptors that since body position and limb movement.
Define the word: Neuron
The functional unit of the nervous system.
Define the phrase: Sensory neuron’s (Afferent)
Transmit nerve impulses from defector sites such as muscles and organs via receptors to the brain and spinal cord.
Define the word: Interneurons
Transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another.
Define the phrase: Central Nervous System.
The portion of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord.
Define the phrase: Motor Neurons: (Efferent)
Transmit nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to defector sites.
Explain the basic structure of the Skeletal System?
The skeletal system serves many important functions it provides the shape and form for a Barties in addition to supporting, protecting, allowing bodily movement, producing blood for the body, and storing minerals.
Define the phrase: Peripheral Nervous System
Cranial & spinal nerves that spread throughout the body.
Define he phrase: Mechanoreceptors
Sensory receptors responsible for sensing distortion and body tissues
Define the phrase: muscle spindles
Receptors sensitive to change a length of the muscle and the rate of that change.
Define the phrase Golgi tendon organs.
Receptors sensitive to change intention of the muscle on the right of that change.
Define the phrase: Joint receptors
Receptors surrounding a joint that responds to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint.
Define the phrase: Muscular system
Series of muscles that move the skeleton
Define the phrase: skeletal system
The body’s framework, composed of bones and joints.
Define the word: bones
Provide a resting point or ground for muscles and protection of vital organs
Define the word: joints
Junctions of bones, muscles, and connective tissue at which movement occurs. Also known as an articulation.
Define the phrase: axial skeleton.
Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column.
Define the phrase: appendicular skeleton.
Portion of the skeletal system that includes the upper and lower extremities.
Define the phrase: Remodeling.
The process of resorption and formation of bone
Define the phrase: osteoclasts
A type of Bones cell that removes bone tissue
Define the phrase: osteoblast
A type of cell that is responsible for bone formation
Name the four types of bone?
Long bone, short bone, flat bone, irregular bone, sesamoid bone.
Define the word: epiphysis
The end of long bones, which is mainly composed of cancellous bone, and house much of the red marrow involved in red blood cell production. They are also one of the primary sites for bone growth.
Define the word: diaphysis
The shaft portion of a long bone.
Define the word: epiphyseal plate
The region of long bone connecting the diaphysis to the epiphysis. It is a layer of subdividing cartilaginous cells in which growth in length of the diaphysis occurs.
Define the word: Periosteum
A dense membrane composed of fibrous connective tissue that closely wraps or invests all bone, except that of the articulating surfaces in joints, which are covered by synovial membrane.
Define the phrase: medullary cavity
The central cavity of bone shafts where marrow is stored
Define the phrase: Articular (Hyaline) cartilage
Cartilage that covers the articular surfaces of bones.
Define the phrase: short phones.
Short bones are similar in length and width and appears somewhat cubicle in shape they consist predominantly of spongy bone tissue to maximize shock absorption the carpals of hands and the tarsals of feet fit this category.
Define the phrase: flat bones.
Flat bones are thin bones comprising two layers of compact bone tissue surrounding a layer of spongy bone tissue. These bones are involved in protection of internal structures and also provide broad attachment sites for muscles. The flat bones include the sternum, scapula, ribs, Ilium, and cranial bones.
Define the phrase: irregular bones.
Irregular bones or bones of unique shape and function that enough with the characteristics of the other categories. These include the vertebrae, pelvic, and certain facial bones.
Define the phrase: sesamoid bones.
Sesamoid bones are small bones embedded in a joint capsule or found in the locations where tendon passes overjoyed. Sesamoid bones develop within particular tendons at a site of considerable friction or tension. They serve to improve leverage and protect the joint from damage.
Define the phrase depressions.
Sliding door indented portions of bone, which can be muscle attachment sites.
Define the word: processes.
Projections protruding from the bone where muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach.
Define the word: vertebral column.
A series of irregularly shaped bones called vertebrate that houses the spinal cord.
Define the word: arthrokinematics:
Describes joint motion
Describe the word: synovial joints.
Joints that are held together by joint capsule and ligaments and are most associated with movement in the body
Define the phrase: non-synovial joints.
Joints that do not have a joint cavity, connective tissue, or cartilage.
Define the word :ligament
Primary connective tissue that connect bones together and provide stability, input to the nervous system, guidance, and the limitation of improper joint movement.
Define the word: epimysium
A layer of connective tissue that is underneath the fascia and surrounds the muscle.
Define the word: Endomysium
The deepest layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers.
Define the word: Tendons.
Connective tissues that attach muscle to bone and provide an anchor for muscles to produce force.
Define the word: sarcomere.
The functional unit of muscle that produces muscular contraction it consists of repeating sections of actin and myosin.
Define the phrase: neural activation.
The contraction of a muscle generated by neural stimulation
Define the phrase: motor unit.
A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates.
Define the phrase: neurotransmitters.
Chemical messengers that cross the neuromuscular junction or synapse to transmit electrical impulses from the nerve to the cells.
Describe the two steps in sliding filament Theory
1) a sarcomere shortens as a result of the Z lines moving closer together. 2 ) The lines converge as the result of myosin heads attaching to the actin filament across the actin filament and to the actin filament and asynchronously pulling (power strokes) the actin filament across the myosin, resulting in shortening of the muscle fiber.
Describe type I muscle fibers.
Type I (slow twitch) More capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin. Increased oxygen delivery. Smaller in size. Less force produced. Slow to fatigue. Long-term contractions or stabilization. Slow twitch.,
Describe type 2 muscle fibers.
Type 2 (fast twitch) Fewer capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin. Decreased oxygen delivery. Larger in size. More force produced. Quick to fatigue. Short-term contractions (force power) fast twitch.
Explain the basic structure and function of the:
Endocrine System
The endocrine system is a system of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream to regulate a variety of bodily functions, including control mood, growth and development, tissue function, and metabolism.
How do these systems adapt to exercise?
Research has indicated that testosterone and growth hormone levels increase after strength training and moderate to vigorous aerobic exercise.
