Chapter 2: Basic Chemistry

Question 1

Matter

Answer 1

Anything that takes up space and has mass

Question 2

Atom

Answer 2

smallest part of an element

Question 3

Three Subatomic Particles

Answer 3

Protons, Neutrons, Electrons

Question 4

Isomers

Answer 4

molecules with the same empirical formula but different structural ones

Question 5

Five Biologically Important Molecules

Answer 5

Water, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

Question 6

Properties of Water

Answer 6

Universal Solvent, High Heat Capacity, Water Ionizes, High Heat of Vaporization, Cohesive/Adhesive, Ice less Dense than Water

Question 7

Acids

Answer 7

molecules that release hydrogen ions in a water solution & a pH below 7.0

Question 8

Bases

Answer 8

molecules that release hydroxyl ions & a pH above 7.0

Question 9

Buffers

Answer 9

mixtures of chemicals that resist pH changes thus stabilizing acidity & basicity

Question 10

Atomic Number

Answer 10

represents the number of protons only

Question 11

Atomic Mass

Answer 11

represents the number of protons & neutrons found in the nucleus

Question 12

Cations

Answer 12

ions that lose one or more electrons(positively charged)

Question 13

Anions

Answer 13

ions that gain one or more electrons(negatively charged)

Question 14

How many neutrons does Hydrogen have?

Answer 14

Zero

Question 15

Valence Electrons are

Answer 15

electrons in the outermost shell

Question 16

Three Common Types of Chemical Bonds

Answer 16

Covalent, Ionic, Hydrogen

Question 17

Covalent Bonds

Answer 17

when electron pairs are shared

Question 18

Nonpolar Covalent

Answer 18

all electrons are shared equally

Question 19

Polar Covalent

Answer 19

electrons are shared unequally

Question 20

Linus Pauling

Answer 20

said each atom could attract electrons(electronegativity)

Question 21

Ionic Bonds

Answer 21

when electrons are transferred from one atom to another

Question 22

Hydrogen Bonds

Answer 22

takes place when a strong attraction occurs b/w molecules; helps maintain structure & function in cells

Question 23

Organic Molecules

Answer 23

have to have Carbon & Hydrogen atoms, are mostly covalent

Question 24

Inorganic Molecules

Answer 24

can be covalent or ionic

Question 25

Functional Groups

Answer 25

Specific cluster of atoms attached to the carbon skeleton of organic molecules that enters into reactions and behaves in a predictable way

Question 26

Hydroxyl Group

Answer 26

sugars, alcohols

Question 27

Carboxyl Group

Answer 27

fatty acids

Question 28

Amino Group

Answer 28

proteins, amino acids

Question 29

Phosphate Group

Answer 29

nucleic acids, phospholipids

Question 30

Carbohydrates

Answer 30

are sugar, starches, & fiber

Question 31

Monosaccharides

Answer 31

single sugars; Deoxyribose & Ribose

Question 32

Disaccharides

Answer 32

double sugars; maltose

Question 33

Polysaccharides

Answer 33

many sugars

Question 34

Hydrolysis

Answer 34

water splitting is how digestion occurs

Question 35

Enzymes

Answer 35

class of proteins that make specific metabolic rxn's proceed faster than normal

Question 36

Lipids

Answer 36

fats, oils, waxes, & steroids; nonpolar & hydrophobic

Question 37

Five General Functions for Lipids

Answer 37

long-term energy storage, insulation, padding, cell membranes, hormones

Question 38

Types of Lipids

Answer 38

triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids

Question 39

Triglycerides

Answer 39

used for storage, insulation, & padding; insoluble in water due to hydrocarbon chains

Question 40

Phospholipids

Answer 40

cell membranes

Question 41

Steroids

Answer 41

hormones (chemical messengers)

Question 42

Ester Bonds

Answer 42

characteristic bonds of lipids

Question 43

Saturated

Answer 43

usually animal fats, solid at room temp, no double bonds

Question 44

Unsaturated

Answer 44

usually plant fats/oils, liquid at room temp, double bonds, polyunsaturated

Question 45

Phospholipids

Answer 45

glycerol & fatty acids are present; nonpolar tails & polar head

Question 46

Steroids

Answer 46

have no fatty acids, function as hormones within organisms

Question 47

Cholesterol

Answer 47

the main steroid stabilizes cell membranes

Question 48

Testosterone & Estrogen

Answer 48

govern sexual traits & gamene function

Question 49

Waxes

Answer 49

long fatty acids tightly packed/linked to alcohols; conserves water; fends off some parasites

Question 50

Proteins

Answer 50

large, nitrogen-containing compounds; most complex molecules in cells

Question 51

Protein Functions

Answer 51

structural, enzyme, transport, defense, hormones

Question 52

Amino Acids

Answer 52

join together by peptide bonds to form large protein molecules

Question 53

Protein Structure

Answer 53

primary, secondary, tertiary, & quartenary

Question 54

Primary Structure

Answer 54

linear sequence

Question 55

Secondary

Answer 55

beta-sheet or alpha-helix

Question 56

Tertiary

Answer 56

3-dimensional structure

Question 57

Quartenary

Answer 57

two or more 3d structures

Question 58

Nucleic Acids

Answer 58

molecules abundant in nucleus; contain nitrogen & phosphorus

Question 59

DNA(DeoxyriboseNucleic Acid)

Answer 59

molecule of heredity; store info to build/operate a cell

Question 60

RNA(RiboseNucleic Acid)

Answer 60

transfer of heredity; mRNA is messenger, rRNA is ribosomal, tRNA is transfer

Question 61

ATP(Adenosine TriPhosphate)

Answer 61

the fuel of life; provides the energy required by living cells in chemical reactions

Question 62

Nucleotide Coenzymes

Answer 62

transfers H+ & electrons in chemical rxns

Question 63

DNA Bases

Answer 63

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, & Guanine

Question 64

RNA Bases

Answer 64

Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, & Guanine

Question 65

Three Parts of Nucleotides

Answer 65

5-Carbon Sugar Molecule, Phosphate Group, Nitrogenous Base

Question 66

DNA Structure

Answer 66

two twisted strands of nucleotides, "rails" are the sugar & PO-4, steps are nitrogenous bases

Question 67

Complementary Base Pairing

Answer 67

Adenine to Thymine, Cytosine to Guanine; these are held together by hydrogen bonding