Chapter 2: Atoms, Molecules, & Ions Flashcards
atomic number (Z)
of protons in the nucleus
when writing a nuclear symbol, what must always be written?
atomic #, mass #, and symbol
group 1 name
alkali earth metals
group 2 name
alkaline earth metals
group name between 2 and 13
transition metals
group 17 name
halogens
group 18 name
noble gases
what is group 18 also known as?
rare earth metals
what are the noble gases known for being?
unreactive
what metal isn’t solid at room temperature?
mercury (Hg)
lustrous
shiny
malleable
it can be pounded into sheets
ductile
drawn into wires
which nonmetal isn’t a solid/gas at room temperature?
bromine (Br)
with the ball and stick chemical formula, how can you tell which element is written in the center?
typically the atom in the center is written first
atomic weight (AW)
weighted average of all isotopes in an element
fractional abundance (FA)
decimal form of the abundance percent
what type of elements are associated with molecular compounds?
ONLY non-metals (doesn’t contain ions)
what type of elements are associated with ionic compounds?
metals and non-metals; it’s always written in the empirical formula
when do you not use a prefix on the first element of a molecular compound when naming?
when there’s only one first atom
ammonia name and formula
nitrogen trihydride and NH₃
cations
positive ions
anions
negative ions
what compounds contains ions?
ionic and acid (can be split)
monatomic ions
1 element with a charge
which ion comes first in a compound?
the cation
what charge is given to group 1 elements?
1+
what charge is given to group 2 elements?
2+
what charge is given to group 15 elements?
3-
what charge is given to group 16 elements?
2-
what charge is given to group 17 elements?
1-
what charge is given to group 18 elements
0
aluminum’s charge
3+
zinc’s charge
2+
silver’s charge
1+
metals and nonmetals are typically positive or negative?
metals are typically positive & nonmetals are typically negative
how do you name a monatomic cation with a fixed charge?
name goes unchanged and add “ion”
how do you name a monatomic cation with multiple charges?
name goes unchanged but roman numerals are added
where does a monatomic cation come from?
comes from metals
where does a monatomic anion come from?
comes from nonmetals
in a monatomic ion, is the cation the first compound in the equation or second?
first; the anion is second
how do you name a monatomic anion?
element name is altered with the addition of “-ide” and add ion
polyatomic ions
2 or more elements with a charge
oxyanions
of oxygens
if a polyatomic ion has 1 less oxygen, what does it end in?
-ite
if a polyatomic ion has 2 less oxygen, what does it end in?
-ite but starts with hypo- prefix
if a polyatomic ion has 1 more oxygen, what does it end in?
-ate but starts with per- prefix
polyatomic ions with different # of oxygen atoms have the same or different charge?
same
if a polyatomic ion gains a hydrogen, what do you do to the ion?
add H in the prefix
polyatomic ions with same # of oxygen atoms have the same or different charge?
different, add +1 for each hydrogen added
if the charges are unequal in an ionic formula, what do you do to the charges for it to be equal?
criss-cross the charges to become neutral
what is needed for more than one polyatomic?
parenthesis
acids are known as what type of compounds?
nonmetals
what is a binary acid?
has 2 compounds
what does a binary acid compound start and end with?
starts with “hydro-“ and ends with “-ic acid”
what is a polyatomic acid?
has 3 or more elements
what does a polyatomic acid compound start and end with?
keeps the same prefix and ends with either “-ic acid” or “-ous acid”
if the polyatomic acid ends in -ate, what does it turn into?
“-ic acid”
if the polyatomic acid ends in -ite, what does it turn into?
“-ous acid”
when do you not add “hydro-“ as a prefix?
when it’s a polyatomic acid
law of definite (constant) composition
the relative # and kind of atoms are constant
mass percent
mass 1 element contributes in relation to the total compound mass
law of mass conservation
the total starting masses must equal the total ending masses
law of multiple proportions
the ratio of the mass ratios of 2 different compounds can be expressed as a whole number
when using mass ratio, do you put the bigger or smaller mass in the denominator
smaller
