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Chemistry I > Chapter 2: Atoms, Molecules, and Ions > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Atoms, Molecules, and Ions Flashcards

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1
Q

law of definite proportions

A

different samples of the same compound always contain its constituent elements in the same proportion by mass

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2
Q

law of multiple proportions

A

if two elements can combine to form more than one compound, the masses of one element that combine with a fixed mass of the other element are in ratios of small whole numbers

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3
Q

law of conservation of mass

A

matter can be neither created nor destroyed

matter is made of atoms that are unchanged in a chemical reaction; mass must be conserved as well

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4
Q

atom

A

the basic unit of an element that can enter into chemical combination

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5
Q

radiation

A

the emission and transmission of energy through space in the form of waves

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6
Q

electrons

A

negatively charged particles

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7
Q

radioactivity

A

spontaneous emission of particles and/or radiation

any element that spontaneously emits radiation is said to be radioactive

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8
Q

alpha rays/particles

A

positively charged particles; radioactive substances

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9
Q

beta rays/particles

A

negatively charged particles; radioactive substances

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10
Q

gamma rays

A

high-energy rays; radioactive substances

Have no charge and are not affected by an external field

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11
Q

nucleus

A

a dense central core within the atom

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12
Q

protons

A

positively charged particles in the nucleus

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13
Q

neutrons

A

electrically neutral particles having a mass slightly greater than that of protons

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14
Q

atomic number

A

the number of protons in the nucleus of each atom of an element

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15
Q

mass number

A

the total number of neutrons and protons present in the nucleus of an atom of an element

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16
Q

isotopes

A

atoms that have the same atomic number but different mass numbers

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17
Q

periodic table

A

a chart in which elements having similar chemical and physical properties are grouped together

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18
Q

periods

A

horizontal rows of the periodic table

arranged by atomic number

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19
Q

groups/families

A

vertical columns of the periodic table

according to similarities in chemical properties

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20
Q

metal

A

a good conductor of heat and electricity

21
Q

nonmetal

A

usually a poor conductor of heat and electricity

22
Q

metalloid

A

has properties that are intermediate between those of metals and nonmetals

23
Q

alkali metals

A

Group 1A elements: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, and Fr

24
Q

alkaline earth metals

A

Group 2A elements: Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra

25
Q

halogens

A

Group 7A elements: F, Cl, Br, I, At

26
Q

noble/rare gases

A

Group 8A elements: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn

27
Q

molecule

A

aggregate of at least two atoms in a definite arrangement held together by chemical forces aka chemical bonds

28
Q

diatomic molecule

A

contains only two atoms

29
Q

polyatomic molecules

A

contains more than two atoms

30
Q

ion

A

an atom or a group of atoms that has a net positive or negative charge

31
Q

cation

A

an ion with a net positive charge; loses electron(s)

tend to be formed by metals

32
Q

anion

A

an ion whose net charge is negative; gains electron(s)

tend to be formed by nonmetals

33
Q

ionic compound

A

formed from cations and anions

34
Q

monatomic ions

A

contain only one atom

35
Q

polyatomic ions

A

ions containing more than one atom

hydroxide ion, cyanide ion, ammonium ion

36
Q

chemical formula

A

express the composition of molecules and ionic compounds in terms of chemical symbols

37
Q

molecular formula

A

shows the exact number of atoms of each element in the smallest unit of a substance

true formulas of molecules

38
Q

allotrope

A

one of two or more distinct forms of an element

oxygen and ozone are allotropes of oxygen

39
Q

structural formula

A

shows how atoms are bonded to one another in a molecule

40
Q

empirical formula

A

tells which elements are present and the simplest whole-number ratio of their atoms; not necessarily the actual number of atoms in a given molecule

when analyzing unknown compound, first step is to determine compound’s empirical formula; can deduce molecular formula with more information later

41
Q

organic compounds

A

contain carbon, usually in combination with elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur

42
Q

inorganic compounds

A

organized into four categories ionic compounds, molecular compounds, acids and bases, and hydrates

compounds that DO NOT contain carbon in combination with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur

exceptions: carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, carbon disulfide, compounds containing cyanide group, carbonate groups, bicarbonate groups

43
Q

binary compounds

A

compounds formed from just two elements

name: first element is metal cation followed by nonmetallic anion; anion suffix “-ide”

44
Q

ternary compounds

A

compounds consisting of three elements

name: Roman numeral indicates number of positive charges of transition metal

45
Q

acid

A

a substance that yields hydrogen ions when dissolved in water

46
Q

oxoacids

A

acids that contain hydrogen, oxygen and another elements (central element)

often two or more oxoacids have the same central atom but a different number of O atoms

47
Q

oxoanions

A

anions of oxoacids

48
Q

base

A

a substance that yields hydroxide ions when dissolved in water

Ammonia is classified as a common base because the substances yields hydroxide ions when dissolved in water even though it does not contain hydroxide ions in its structure

49
Q

hydrates

A

compounds that have a specific number of water molecules attached to them

Chemistry I (10 decks)

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