chapter 2: atoms, ions, & molecules Flashcards
1
Q
matter is defined as as a substance that has …. and occupies space
A
mass
2
Q
what is the smallest particle that exhibits the chemical properties of an element?
A
an atom
3
Q
how many elements exist in our body at levels higher than trace amounts?
A
12
4
Q
atoms are composed of protons, …. , and electrons
A
neutrons
5
Q
protons are found where?
A
in the atomic nucleus
6
Q
electrons are found where?
A
orbitals
7
Q
what is the atomic mass number of carbon?
A
12.01
8
Q
each element has an assigned … symbol. examples include N, P, Na, Cl.
A
chemical (symbol)
9
Q
identify the subatomic particles that are present in the same numbers amongst isotopes of the same element
A
electrons & protons
10
Q
the outermost (energy) electron shell is referred to as the … shell
A
valence
11
Q
elements prefer to have an outer shell completely full of electrons. this tendency is called the …. rule
A
octet
12
Q
identify the type of subatomic particle that can be determined by subtracting the atomic number from the atomic mass
A
number of neutrons
13
Q
the innermost electron shell may hold up to how many electrons?
A
2
14
Q
radioisotopes are unstable because they contain an excess number of what?
A
neutrons
15
Q
ions are produced from a loss or gain of ..
A
electrons
16
Q
identify the most common extracellular cation in the human body
A
Na+ (Sodium)
17
Q
identify the anion that is a component of stomach acid
A
Cl-
18
Q
ions with a positive charge are called ..
A
cation
19
Q
cations and anions may bond together by electrostatic interactions called … bonds
A
ionic bonds
20
Q
identify the structure of table salt
A
NaCl
21
Q
molarity is a measure of the number of moles per ___ of solution
A
liter
22
Q
Osm is an abbreviation for …
A
osmoles
23
Q
the average atomic mass listed on the periodic table indicates the mass of the..
A
protons & neutrons
24
Q
when an atom gains an electron, a(n) … is formed
A
anion
25
calcium reaches stability by ... two negatively charged electrons
donating
26
usually, elements on the left side of the periodic table and in column IIIA tend to ....
lose electrons to form cations
27
o—c—o is an example of a ... formula
structural
28
identify the isomers of c6h12o6
galactose, fructose, glucose
29
the four most common elements in the human body are..
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen
30
carbon can form .. covalent bond(s) and nitrogen can form ..
(carbon) 4, (nitrogen) 3
31
identify the type of bond formed when 2 pairs of electrons are shared between 2 atoms
double covalent bond
32
many carbon atoms are sometimes bonded together to form a “carbon __”
skeleton
33
hydrogen bonds are intermolecular bonds formed between polar molecules. which of the following is an example of a polar molecule?
water molecules
34
identify the true statement regarding covalently bonded molecules
atoms share electrons
35
the sharing of electrons between atoms results in a __ bonded molecule
covalently
36
water is present in 3 phases: gas, liquid, & ..
solid
37
identify the functions of liquid water
transports, cushions, lubricates
* water cushions the force of sudden body movements
* unwanted substances are eliminated from body through water
* substances are dissolved in water & transported around body
38
the attraction between water molecules is ..
&
the attraction between water molecules and substances other than water is ..
cohesion
(attraction between water molecules)
adhesive
(attraction between water molecules and a substance other than water)
39
surfactant, decreases surface tension, keeps our .. from collapsing
lungs
40
heat of vaporization is the heat required for the release of molecules from a .. phase into a .. phase
liquid, gaseous
41
water is called the .. solvent
universal
42
which are forms of matter?
solid, liquid, gas
43
which element is the smallest and lightest?
hydrogen
colorless, odorless, nonmetallic, tasteless and highly flammable gas
atomic mass of 1.00794
44
how many elements exist in our body at levels higher than trace amounts?
12
45
the mass of an atom is expressed as an atomic __ unit, or dalton
mass
46
neutrons have ___
no charge
47
protons have a __ charge
positive
48
the atomic mass number of carbon is __
12.01
49
each element has an assigned __ symbol. examples include N, P, Na, Cl.
chemical
50
identify the subatomic particles that are present in the same numbers amongst isotopes of the same element
protons & electrons
51
elements in the furthest left column of the periodic table have __ electron(s) in their valence shell
1
52
the octet rule refers to the number of __ in an atom
electrons
53
identify the type of subatomic particle that can be determined by subtracting the atomic number from the atomic mass
the number of neutrons
54
the innermost electron shell may hold up to __ electrons
2
55
the __ half-life is the time it takes for half of the radioactive material to be eliminated from the body
biological
56
atoms with a positive or negative charge are called __
ion(s)
57
identify the most common extracellular cation in the human body
Na+
58
HCO3 is also called the __
bicarbonate ion
*a byproduct of your body's metabolism. your blood brings bicarbonate to your lungs, and then it is exhaled as carbon dioxide. your kidneys also help regulate bicarbonate. bicarbonate is excreted and reabsorbed by your kidneys. This regulates your body's pH, or acid balance.
59
ions with a positive charge are called __
cations
60
ions with a negative charge are called __
anions
61
identify the type of bond that forms salts
ionic bond
62
identify the structure of table salt
NaCl (sodium chloride)
63
the measure of moles per kilogram of solvent is called __
molality
* property of a solution and is defined as the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent
64
the average atomic mass is written as a __ to the left of the chemical symbol
superscript
65
when an atom gains an electron, a(n) __ is formed
anion
66
atoms with 1,2 or 3 electrons in the outer shell usually __ electrons
donate
67
atoms in group VA of the periodic table form ions with a __ charge
negative 3
68
hydrogen can form __ covalent bond(s) and oxygen can form __
hydrogen: 1 bond
oxygen: 2 bonds
69
3 pairs of elect are shared in a __ covalent bond
triple
70
identify the type of intermolecular bond or force formed between 2 polar molecules
hydrogen bond
71
atoms share electrons in a __ bond
covalent
72
ice is water in its __ phase
solid
73
identify the phase of water that is most commonly found in the human body
liquid
74
identify the term that describes the attraction between water molecules only
cohesion
75
water molecules pull inward on each other creating __ tension
surface
76
substances that dissolve in water are called __
hydrophilic
77
glucose is an example of __
nonelectrolyte
78
identify the true statements regarding hydrophobic molecules
* they are water-fearing
| * they don’t dissolve in water
79
organic molecules are defined as molecules that contain _ and hydrogen atoms
carbon
80
a water molecule is made up of 2 __ atoms and 1 __ atom
(2) hydrogen, (1) oxygen
81
one water molecule can bind to another water molecule through __ bonds
hydrogen
82
sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is an example of a __
strong base
83
the pH of a solution is a measure of the relative amount of __ it contains
H+
84
a solution with a pH of 5 is less __ than a solution with a pH of 3
acidic
85
a basic solution is neutralized by adding __
an acid
86
identify the molecule that acts as a buffer in the blood
bicarbonate
87
acids are also called proton __
proton donors
88
identify the pH of human blood
7.4
89
hydrogen bonds are intermolecular bonds formed between polar molecules. which of the following is an example of a polar molecule?
j
90
identify the type of molecule that has the chemical formula of (CH20)n+
H30+
91
proteins are made of __ acids
amino
92
identify the components of a nucleotide monomer
* a phosphate group
| * a nitrogenous base
93
lipids are water-insoluble or __
hydrophobic
94
rank the elements in order of increasing electronegativity. the element with the greatest electronegativity will be last.
1. hydrogen
2. carbon
3. nitrogen
4. oxygen
95
identify the functions of triglycerides
* long-term energy storage
* insulation of the body
* structural support
96
DNA stands for __ acid
deoxyribonucleic
97
the fatty acid is __ if it lacks double bonds
saturated
98
identify the true statements regarding RNA
* it stands for ribonucleic acid
| * it can be found in the cell’s nucleus & cytoplasm
99
the atomic number is greater in value than the atomic weight
false
100
oxygen makes up __ of body weight
65%
101
a hydrolysis reaction resulting in the release of adipose connective tissue into the blood is called __
lipolysis
102
true or false: phospholipids are amphipathic molecules
true
103
steroids are made of __ attached carbon rings
4
104
identify the number of carbon atoms in an eicosanoid
20
105
identify the true statements regarding nucleic acids
* nucleotides are the monomers of nucleic acids
* DNA is an example of a nucleic acid
* RNA is an example of a nucleic acid
106
ATP contains the nitrogenous base __
adenine
107
proteins with a carbohydrate attached are called __
glycoproteins
108
the linear sequence of amino acids is the __ protein structure
primary
109
a planar pleat arrangement or beta sheet is an example of the __ structure of proteins
secondary
110
the final 3-dimensional shape of a polypeptide chain is the __ level of protein structure
tertiary
111
true or false: the quaternary is the simplest level of organization
false
112
the atomic number designates the number of __ in the atom
protons
113
monomers within RNA and DNA are linked together through a special type of covalent bond called a(n) __ bond
phosphodiester
114
which molecules can be organized as polymers?
nucleic acids
proteins
carbohydrates
115
mixing water and oil together is an example of a(n) __
emulsion
116
identify the term describing the functional group, -OH
hydroxyl
117
the most common monosaccharide is __
glucose
118
disaccharides are composed of __ sugars bonded together
2
119
which statement is true regarding collagen?
it forms ligaments and tendons
120
alanine and leucine are examples of __ amino acids
nonpolar
121
identify the categories of amino acids
polar, charged, nonpolar
122
denaturation describes the disturbance of the biological activity of a __
protein
123
phospholipids are amphipathic molecules. what portion of the molecules have contact with water?
head
124
which type of molecule are triglycerides?
nonpolar
125
amphipathic molecules are _ molecules
large
126
a type of intermolecular attraction that forms between nonpolar substances in water is called __ interactions
k
