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atoms, ions & molecules > chapter 2: atoms, ions, & molecules > Flashcards

chapter 2: atoms, ions, & molecules Flashcards

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Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

matter is defined as as a substance that has …. and occupies space

A

mass

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2
Q

what is the smallest particle that exhibits the chemical properties of an element?

A

an atom

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3
Q

how many elements exist in our body at levels higher than trace amounts?

A

12

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4
Q

atoms are composed of protons, …. , and electrons

A

neutrons

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5
Q

protons are found where?

A

in the atomic nucleus

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6
Q

electrons are found where?

A

orbitals

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7
Q

what is the atomic mass number of carbon?

A

12.01

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8
Q

each element has an assigned … symbol. examples include N, P, Na, Cl.

A

chemical (symbol)

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9
Q

identify the subatomic particles that are present in the same numbers amongst isotopes of the same element

A

electrons & protons

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10
Q

the outermost (energy) electron shell is referred to as the … shell

A

valence

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11
Q

elements prefer to have an outer shell completely full of electrons. this tendency is called the …. rule

A

octet

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12
Q

identify the type of subatomic particle that can be determined by subtracting the atomic number from the atomic mass

A

number of neutrons

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13
Q

the innermost electron shell may hold up to how many electrons?

A

2

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14
Q

radioisotopes are unstable because they contain an excess number of what?

A

neutrons

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15
Q

ions are produced from a loss or gain of ..

A

electrons

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16
Q

identify the most common extracellular cation in the human body

A

Na+ (Sodium)

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17
Q

identify the anion that is a component of stomach acid

A

Cl-

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18
Q

ions with a positive charge are called ..

A

cation

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19
Q

cations and anions may bond together by electrostatic interactions called … bonds

A

ionic bonds

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20
Q

identify the structure of table salt

A

NaCl

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21
Q

molarity is a measure of the number of moles per ___ of solution

A

liter

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22
Q

Osm is an abbreviation for …

A

osmoles

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23
Q

the average atomic mass listed on the periodic table indicates the mass of the..

A

protons & neutrons

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24
Q

when an atom gains an electron, a(n) … is formed

A

anion

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25
Q

calcium reaches stability by … two negatively charged electrons

A

donating

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26
Q

usually, elements on the left side of the periodic table and in column IIIA tend to ….

A

lose electrons to form cations

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27
Q

o—c—o is an example of a … formula

A

structural

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28
Q

identify the isomers of c6h12o6

A

galactose, fructose, glucose

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29
Q

the four most common elements in the human body are..

A

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen

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30
Q

carbon can form .. covalent bond(s) and nitrogen can form ..

A

(carbon) 4, (nitrogen) 3

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31
Q

identify the type of bond formed when 2 pairs of electrons are shared between 2 atoms

A

double covalent bond

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32
Q

many carbon atoms are sometimes bonded together to form a “carbon __”

A

skeleton

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33
Q

hydrogen bonds are intermolecular bonds formed between polar molecules. which of the following is an example of a polar molecule?

A

water molecules

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34
Q

identify the true statement regarding covalently bonded molecules

A

atoms share electrons

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35
Q

the sharing of electrons between atoms results in a __ bonded molecule

A

covalently

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36
Q

water is present in 3 phases: gas, liquid, & ..

A

solid

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37
Q

identify the functions of liquid water

A

transports, cushions, lubricates

  • water cushions the force of sudden body movements
  • unwanted substances are eliminated from body through water
  • substances are dissolved in water & transported around body
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38
Q

the attraction between water molecules is ..
&
the attraction between water molecules and substances other than water is ..

A

cohesion
(attraction between water molecules)

adhesive
(attraction between water molecules and a substance other than water)

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39
Q

surfactant, decreases surface tension, keeps our .. from collapsing

A

lungs

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40
Q

heat of vaporization is the heat required for the release of molecules from a .. phase into a .. phase

A

liquid, gaseous

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41
Q

water is called the .. solvent

A

universal

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42
Q

which are forms of matter?

A

solid, liquid, gas

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43
Q

which element is the smallest and lightest?

A

hydrogen

colorless, odorless, nonmetallic, tasteless and highly flammable gas

atomic mass of 1.00794

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44
Q

how many elements exist in our body at levels higher than trace amounts?

A

12

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45
Q

the mass of an atom is expressed as an atomic __ unit, or dalton

A

mass

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46
Q

neutrons have ___

A

no charge

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47
Q

protons have a __ charge

A

positive

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48
Q

the atomic mass number of carbon is __

A

12.01

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49
Q

each element has an assigned __ symbol. examples include N, P, Na, Cl.

A

chemical

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50
Q

identify the subatomic particles that are present in the same numbers amongst isotopes of the same element

A

protons & electrons

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51
Q

elements in the furthest left column of the periodic table have __ electron(s) in their valence shell

A

1

52
Q

the octet rule refers to the number of __ in an atom

A

electrons

53
Q

identify the type of subatomic particle that can be determined by subtracting the atomic number from the atomic mass

A

the number of neutrons

54
Q

the innermost electron shell may hold up to __ electrons

A

2

55
Q

the __ half-life is the time it takes for half of the radioactive material to be eliminated from the body

A

biological

56
Q

atoms with a positive or negative charge are called __

A

ion(s)

57
Q

identify the most common extracellular cation in the human body

A

Na+

58
Q

HCO3 is also called the __

A

bicarbonate ion

*a byproduct of your body’s metabolism. your blood brings bicarbonate to your lungs, and then it is exhaled as carbon dioxide. your kidneys also help regulate bicarbonate. bicarbonate is excreted and reabsorbed by your kidneys. This regulates your body’s pH, or acid balance.

59
Q

ions with a positive charge are called __

A

cations

60
Q

ions with a negative charge are called __

A

anions

61
Q

identify the type of bond that forms salts

A

ionic bond

62
Q

identify the structure of table salt

A

NaCl (sodium chloride)

63
Q

the measure of moles per kilogram of solvent is called __

A

molality

  • property of a solution and is defined as the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent
64
Q

the average atomic mass is written as a __ to the left of the chemical symbol

A

superscript

65
Q

when an atom gains an electron, a(n) __ is formed

A

anion

66
Q

atoms with 1,2 or 3 electrons in the outer shell usually __ electrons

A

donate

67
Q

atoms in group VA of the periodic table form ions with a __ charge

A

negative 3

68
Q

hydrogen can form __ covalent bond(s) and oxygen can form __

A

hydrogen: 1 bond
oxygen: 2 bonds

69
Q

3 pairs of elect are shared in a __ covalent bond

A

triple

70
Q

identify the type of intermolecular bond or force formed between 2 polar molecules

A

hydrogen bond

71
Q

atoms share electrons in a __ bond

A

covalent

72
Q

ice is water in its __ phase

A

solid

73
Q

identify the phase of water that is most commonly found in the human body

A

liquid

74
Q

identify the term that describes the attraction between water molecules only

A

cohesion

75
Q

water molecules pull inward on each other creating __ tension

A

surface

76
Q

substances that dissolve in water are called __

A

hydrophilic

77
Q

glucose is an example of __

A

nonelectrolyte

78
Q

identify the true statements regarding hydrophobic molecules

A
  • they are water-fearing

* they don’t dissolve in water

79
Q

organic molecules are defined as molecules that contain _ and hydrogen atoms

A

carbon

80
Q

a water molecule is made up of 2 __ atoms and 1 __ atom

A

(2) hydrogen, (1) oxygen

81
Q

one water molecule can bind to another water molecule through __ bonds

A

hydrogen

82
Q

sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is an example of a __

A

strong base

83
Q

the pH of a solution is a measure of the relative amount of __ it contains

A

H+

84
Q

a solution with a pH of 5 is less __ than a solution with a pH of 3

A

acidic

85
Q

a basic solution is neutralized by adding __

A

an acid

86
Q

identify the molecule that acts as a buffer in the blood

A

bicarbonate

87
Q

acids are also called proton __

A

proton donors

88
Q

identify the pH of human blood

A

7.4

89
Q

hydrogen bonds are intermolecular bonds formed between polar molecules. which of the following is an example of a polar molecule?

A

j

90
Q

identify the type of molecule that has the chemical formula of (CH20)n+

A

H30+

91
Q

proteins are made of __ acids

A

amino

92
Q

identify the components of a nucleotide monomer

A
  • a phosphate group

* a nitrogenous base

93
Q

lipids are water-insoluble or __

A

hydrophobic

94
Q

rank the elements in order of increasing electronegativity. the element with the greatest electronegativity will be last.

A
  1. hydrogen
  2. carbon
  3. nitrogen
  4. oxygen
95
Q

identify the functions of triglycerides

A
  • long-term energy storage
  • insulation of the body
  • structural support
96
Q

DNA stands for __ acid

A

deoxyribonucleic

97
Q

the fatty acid is __ if it lacks double bonds

A

saturated

98
Q

identify the true statements regarding RNA

A
  • it stands for ribonucleic acid

* it can be found in the cell’s nucleus & cytoplasm

99
Q

the atomic number is greater in value than the atomic weight

A

false

100
Q

oxygen makes up __ of body weight

A

65%

101
Q

a hydrolysis reaction resulting in the release of adipose connective tissue into the blood is called __

A

lipolysis

102
Q

true or false: phospholipids are amphipathic molecules

A

true

103
Q

steroids are made of __ attached carbon rings

A

4

104
Q

identify the number of carbon atoms in an eicosanoid

A

20

105
Q

identify the true statements regarding nucleic acids

A
  • nucleotides are the monomers of nucleic acids
  • DNA is an example of a nucleic acid
  • RNA is an example of a nucleic acid
106
Q

ATP contains the nitrogenous base __

A

adenine

107
Q

proteins with a carbohydrate attached are called __

A

glycoproteins

108
Q

the linear sequence of amino acids is the __ protein structure

A

primary

109
Q

a planar pleat arrangement or beta sheet is an example of the __ structure of proteins

A

secondary

110
Q

the final 3-dimensional shape of a polypeptide chain is the __ level of protein structure

A

tertiary

111
Q

true or false: the quaternary is the simplest level of organization

A

false

112
Q

the atomic number designates the number of __ in the atom

A

protons

113
Q

monomers within RNA and DNA are linked together through a special type of covalent bond called a(n) __ bond

A

phosphodiester

114
Q

which molecules can be organized as polymers?

A

nucleic acids
proteins
carbohydrates

115
Q

mixing water and oil together is an example of a(n) __

A

emulsion

116
Q

identify the term describing the functional group, -OH

A

hydroxyl

117
Q

the most common monosaccharide is __

A

glucose

118
Q

disaccharides are composed of __ sugars bonded together

A

2

119
Q

which statement is true regarding collagen?

A

it forms ligaments and tendons

120
Q

alanine and leucine are examples of __ amino acids

A

nonpolar

121
Q

identify the categories of amino acids

A

polar, charged, nonpolar

122
Q

denaturation describes the disturbance of the biological activity of a __

A

protein

123
Q

phospholipids are amphipathic molecules. what portion of the molecules have contact with water?

A

head

124
Q

which type of molecule are triglycerides?

A

nonpolar

125
Q

amphipathic molecules are _ molecules

A

large

126
Q

a type of intermolecular attraction that forms between nonpolar substances in water is called __ interactions

A

k

atoms, ions & molecules (1 decks)

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