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Biology 123 test 1 > Chapter 2 Atoms > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Atoms Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an atom?

A

The basic unit of matter

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2
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons

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3
Q

Define an ion and provide an example.

A

An electrically charge atom.

H+ is positively charged because it has lost an electron

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4
Q

Define orbital.

A

A region in space likely to host an electron

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5
Q

What is an atomic shell?

A

An energy level within an orbital.

Electron will choose to occupy the shell closest to the nucleus first

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6
Q

What is the periodic table?

A

Elements are arranged by increasing number of protons, the atomic number. Elements in the same column share similar chemical properties.

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7
Q

What is a molecule?

A

A combination of atoms

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8
Q

Define a chemical bond?

A

A form of attraction between atoms that hold them together

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9
Q

What are valence electrons?

A

Electrons located at the highest energy level. Responsible for chemical bonding

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10
Q

What is a molecular orbital?

A

A merged orbital between two electrons

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11
Q

Define covalent bond

A

It is the sharing of electrons to form a molecular orbital

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12
Q

What is a polar covalent bond?

A

The unequal sharing of electrons. Occurs due to differences in the electro negativity of atoms

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13
Q

Define electro negativity?

A

Increases along the periodic table
As the number of protons increases electrons are held more tightly to the nucleus therefore less likely to transfer an electron

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14
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

Occurs when a H atom is covalently bonded to an electronegative atom (oxygen or nitrogen) interacts with an electronegative atom of another molecule
Weaker than covalent bonds

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15
Q

What are ionic bonds?

A

Bond between two ions

Na+ and Cl- form NaCl

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16
Q

What’s a polar molecule?

A

A molecule that has a + and a - regions

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17
Q

Define hydrophilic?

A

Water loving

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18
Q

Define hydrophobic?

A

Water fearing

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19
Q

What is the hydrophobic effect?

A

Polar molecules exclude non polar ones.

Example cell membrane

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20
Q

When does a neutral PH occur?
When does a acidic PH occur?
When does a basic PH occur?

A

Neutral PH occurs when H+ = OH-
Acidic PH occurs when H+ is greater than OH-
Basic PH occurs when H+ is less than OH-

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21
Q

Why is ice less dense than water?

A

When water freezes the molecules bond with four other molecules into a crystal lattice structure. Making ice less dense

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22
Q

Define cohesive force?

A

Tendency to stick together

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23
Q

What is surface tension?

A

Contrastive tendency of the surface of a liquid to resist an external force

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24
Q

What is an element?

A

A pure substance that cannot be broken down further by chemistry

25
Q

What is an organic molecule?

A

A molecule that contains carbon
Forms tetrahedrons
Ability to rotate around a single bond. Cannot rotate around a double or triple bond

26
Q

Define isomer?

Give an example

A

Molecules that have the same chemical formulae but have different structures.
Lucine and isoleucine

27
Q

What do proteins do?

A

Provide structural support and act as catalysts during chemical reactions

28
Q

What is the role of nuclei acids?

A

Encode and transmit genetic information

29
Q

What is the role of carbohydrates?

A

Provide energy

Makes up cell wall in plants, bacteria and algae

30
Q

What is the purpose of lipids?

A

Store energy
Make cell membranes
Act as a signalling molecule

31
Q

What is a polymer?

What are the four main examples?

A 
Complex molecules made up of repeated simpler units connected by covalent bonds
Amino acids make up proteins 
Sugars make up carbohydrates
Fatty acids make up lipids
Nucleotides make up nucleic acid
32
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

Protein based catalysts that accelerates the rate of chemical reactions

33
Q

Describe a peptide bond

A

Links amino acids by the C atom of the carboxyl group to the N atom of the amino group

34
Q

What is DNA?

A

The genetic material in all organisms

35
Q

What’s is RNA?

A

Key player in protein synthesis and regulation of gene expression

36
Q

What is a phosphodiester bond?

A

Joins adjacent pair of nucleotides using a phosphate group

37
Q

Explain a double helix

A

Two strands of nucleotides twisted around each other

38
Q

Define saccharides

A

Simplest form of sugars

Form in linear or cyclic molecules

39
Q

What is the composition of sugars and what is the ratio?

A

Composed of C H O in a 1:2:1 ratio

40
Q

What is a monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide?

A

One simple sugar, two simple sugars linked by covalent bonds, combination of simple sugars

41
Q

What is a complex carbohydrates?

A

Long branched chains of monosaccharides

42
Q

Define aldoses

A

Monosaccharides with an attached aldehyde group

43
Q

Define ketoses

A

Monosaccharides with an attached ketone group

44
Q

What are glycosidic bonds?

A

Covalent bonds that attach monosaccharides

45
Q

Define triacylglycerol

A

Lipid used for energy storage

Made up of three fatty acids joined to glycerol

46
Q

Define saturated fat

A

Fatty acids that do not contain a double bond

47
Q

Define unsaturated fat

A

Fatty acids that contain a C-C double bond

48
Q

Why are the kinks found in a fatty acid chain important?

A

Reduce tightness and therefore lower the melting point

49
Q

Describe van der waal forces

A

Temporarily polarized molecules weakly bonded to one another due to the attraction of opposite forces

50
Q

Define steroids

A

Second type of lipids

Example cholesterol

51
Q

Define phospholipids

A

Third type of fatty acids major component of cell membranes

52
Q

Describe the Stanley miller experiment

A

Water vapour, ammonia, methane and hydrogen gas and collected. A spark is introduced and the formation of 20 amino acids is the result

53
Q

Know difference between RNA and DNA chemical structure

A

Ok

54
Q

Be able to identify nucleic acids

A

Ok

55
Q

Identify a phosphodiester bond

A

Ok

56
Q

Know the three types of carbohydrate molecules

A

Ok

57
Q

How are amino acids joined in a protein?

A

By a peptide bond

58
Q

Recognize a fatty acid molecule

A

Ok

Biology 123 test 1 (4 decks)

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