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Neuroscience > Chapter 2 and 7 - Anatomy of the NS > Flashcards

Chapter 2 and 7 - Anatomy of the NS Flashcards

1
Q

Neuron

A

The basic functional unit of the nervous system

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2
Q

Nerve

A

A bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system

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3
Q

Tract

A

A bundle of axons in the central nervous system

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4
Q

Ganglion

A

A group of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

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5
Q

Nucleus

A

A group of cell bodies in the central nervous system

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6
Q

Neuroanatomical Directions

A

Brain:
Dorsal - up
Ventral - down
Anterior - front
Posterior - back

Spine:
Anterior - up
Posterior - down
Ventral - front
Dorsal - back

Others:
Medial – towards the middle
Lateral – towards the side
Proximal – close to the body
Distal – further away from body
Contralateral – opposite side
Ipsilateral – same side

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7
Q

Sections of the Brain

A

Horizontal – a slice parallel to the ground

Frontal (coronal) – slicing bread or salami

Sagittal – a midsagittal section separates the left and right halves

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8
Q

2 Parts of the Nervous System

A

Central nervous system

Peripheral nervous system

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9
Q

Anatomy - Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Brain (in the skull)

Spinal Cord (in the spine)

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10
Q

Anatomy - Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Located outside of the skull and spine

Serves to bring information into the
CNS and carry signals out of the CNS

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11
Q

The CNS is covered by…

A

three meninges and encased in bone (skull or spinal cord)

  1. Dura mater - tough outer membrane
  2. Arachnoid membrane - weblike
  3. Pia mater - adheres to CNS surface

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
- Fluid serves as cushion

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12
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

Acts as cushion for CNS

Found in:
1. Subarachnoid space → between arachnoid membrane and pia mater

  1. Ventricles → Series of hollow interconnected chambers, filled with CSF
  • 4 ventricles: 2 lateral, 3rd and 4th
  • Cerebral aqueduct
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13
Q

2 Parts of the Peripheral Nervous System

A
  1. Somatic Nervous System:
  • interacts with external environment
    (Afferent nerves (sensory to CNS))
    (Efferent nerves (motor from CNS))
  • info from sense organs to CNS
  • voluntary muscles control
  1. Autonomic Nervous System
  • regulates body’s internal environment
    (Afferent nerves (sensory from internal organs to CNS))
    (Efferent nerves – 2 kinds)
  • controls heart, intestines, etc
  • involuntary muscles
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14
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves generally have opposite effects

Sympathetic - fight or flight

Parasympathetic - rest and relaxation

Both outputs we don’t control

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15
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

I - Olfactory nerve - olfactory

II - Optic - vision

III - Oculomotor - eye movements, control of pupil, lens and tears

IV - Trochlear - eye movements

V - Trigeminal - facial sensations, chewing

VI - Abducens - eye movements

VII - Facial - facial movements, salivary glands, taste

VIII - Vestibulo-cochlear nerve - acoustic branch, vestibular branch

IX - Glossopharyngeal - throat muscles, salivary glands, taste

X - Vagus - control and sensation of internal thoracic and abdominal viscera such as bronchioles, heart and stomach

XI - Spinal accessory - head and neck muscles

XII - Hypoglossal - tongue muscles

“on old Olympus’s towering top a Finn and German viewed some hops”

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16
Q

Development of the Human Brain

A

From the ectoderm of our embryotic cells, we develop a neural tube

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17
Q

The 5 Major Divisions of the Human Brain

A
  1. Telencephalon
  2. Diencephalon
  3. Mesencephalon
  4. Metencephalon
  5. Myencephalon
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18
Q

Major Divisions of the Brain, Continued

A

Forebrain - Telencephalon, Diencephalon

Midbrain - Mesencephalon

Hindbrain - Metencephalon, Myelencephalon

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19
Q

Hindbrain Divisions - Myelencephalon

A

Medulla
- life support functions
- damage

Reticular formation
- gate keeper, can admit or block sensory info
- many general anesthetics work here
- damage

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20
Q

Hindbrain Divisions - Metencephalon

A

Pons
- bridge
- ventral surface
- main connection b/w cortex and cerebellum
- role in sleep, dreaming, eye movements, vestibular sense

Cerebellum
- little brain

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21
Q

Midbrain Divisions - Mesencephalon

A

Tectum - dorsal surface

Tegmentum - ventral

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22
Q

Tectum

A

“Roof”

Superior colliculus - vision

Inferior colliculus - audition

Visual reflexes and reactions to moving stimuli

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23
Q

Tegmentum

A

3 colourful structures:

Periaqueductal gray - analgesia
Substantia nigra - sensorimotor
Red nucleus - sensorimotor

24
Q

Forebrain Divisions - Diencephalon

A

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

25
Thalamus
Switchboard Senses (except olfaction) stop here before going to appropriate area of cortex LGN - vision MGN - audition VPN – touch, taste
26
Hypothalamus
Located just below thalamus Homeostatic control motivated behaviors HOW? Through the release of hormones from pituitary gland (dangles beneath hypothalamus)
27
Cerebral Cortex
Surrounds the cerebral hemispheres, convolutions serve to increase surface area Made up of: - sulci (small grooves) - fissures (large grooves) - gyri (bulges or bumps) Longitudinal fissure – a groove that separates right and left hemispheres
28
Major Fissures of Cerebral Hemispheres
Lateral fissure Central fissure Longitudinal fissure
29
Lobes of the Brain
Frontal lobe Central sulcus Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Sylvian fissure Temporal lobe Cerebellum
30
Broadman Areas
Defined by their cytoarchitecture - structure of their cells
31
Neurons
Functional unit of the NS Specialized for the reception, conduction and transmission of electrochemical signals Many sizes and shapes
32
External Anatomy of a Neuron
Cell membrane Dendrites Axon hillock Axon Myelin Nodes of Ranvier Cell body Buttons Synapses
33
Cell Membrane
The semipermeable membrane that encloses the neuron
34
Dendrites
The short process emanating from the cell body, which receives most of the synaptic contacts from other neurons
35
Axon Hillock
The cone-shaped region at the junction between the axon and the cell body
36
Axon
The long, narrow process that projects from the cell body
37
Cell Body
The metabolic center of the neuron, also called the SOMA
38
Myelin
The fatty insulation around many axons
39
Nodes of Ranvier
The gaps between sections of myelin
40
Bottons
The buttonlike endings of the axon branches, which release chemicals into synapses
41
Synapses
The gaps between adjacent neurons across which chemical signals are transmitted
42
The Antenae of the Neuron
Dendrites - collect incoming signals from other neurons Incoming signals are comboined and processed; if strong enough, they are passed forward through the soma
43
Dendritic Morphology (shape)
Neurons can be classified by the nature of their dendrites Dendritic branching Dendritic spines
44
Parts of the Neural Soma (cell body)
Cytoplasm Gogli apparatus Membrane Mitochondria Myelin sheath Microtubules Lysosome Dendritic spines Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum Dendrite
45
DNA Expression
DNA ➡️ RNA ➡️ Protein Replication (DNA duplicates) ➡️ Transcription (RNA synthesis) ➡️ Translation (protein synthesis)
46
Regulating DNA Expression
Promoters - sequence of DNA that increases the likelihood of genetic expression Transcription Factors - protiens that regulate the polymerase Stop Sequence - sequence of DNA that stops transcription
47
Axon Collaterals
Parallel (branching) paths that the axon from a single neuron may take
47
Axon Transport
Some material needed at the end of the axon are too big to be built there They are built in the cell body and transported (the transport protein is KINESIN) Axoplasmic Transport - occurs from the soma to the button
48
At The Button - Synapse
The junction between the axon buttons/terminal of one sell, and the body/dendrites of another is called SYNAPSE
49
What happens at the axon terminal?
Exocytosis
50
The Support Structures of the Neuron
Microtubules Neurofilament Microfilaments
51
Microtubules
Long pipes running down the axon Regulated by "microtubule associated proteins"
52
Neurofilament
Consists of wound rope-like subunits Very strong
53
Microfilaments
Most densely found in the "neurites" Plays a role in changing shapes of a sell (actin)
54
Glial Cells
Support and nourish neurons Recent evidence for glial communication and modulatory effects of glia on neuronal communication
55
4 Classes of Glial Cells
Oligodendrocytes: - extensions rich in myelin create myelin sheaths in CNS Schwann Cells: - similar to function of oligodendrocytes but in PNS, csn guide axonal regeneration Astrocytes: - large glia, start-shaped, many functions Microglia: - involved in response to injury or disease

Neuroscience (5 decks)

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