Chapter 2 and 3 Combined The Human Body and Disease Flashcards
Body Planes
- Imaginary vertical and horizontal lines
- Used to divide the body into sections for descriptive purposes
- Aligned to a body standing in the anatomical position
Vertical planes
- Sagittal: vertical plane; divides the body into unequal left and right portions
- Midsagittal (midline): sagittal plane; divides the body into equal left and right halves
- Frontal (coronal): vertical plane; divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions
Horizontal plane
Transverse plane: divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions
Body Direction Terms
*Location of sections of the body or of an organ
*Described through the use of pairs of contrasting body direction terms
Example of body direction terms: Ventral, Dorsal, Cephalic, Caudal, Anterior, Posterior etc.
Ventral vs Dorsal
- Ventral (opposite of dorsal): refers to the front, or belly side
- Dorsal (opposite of ventral): refers to the back of the organ or body
Cephalic vs Caudal
- Cephalic (opposite of caudal): means toward the head
* Caudal (opposite of cephalic): means toward the lower part of the body
Anterior vs Posterior
- Anterior (opposite of posterior): means situated in the front
- Posterior (opposite of anterior): means situated in the back
Superior vs Inferior
- Superior (opposite of inferior): means uppermost, above, or toward the head
- Inferior (opposite of superior): means lowermost, below, or toward the feet
Proximal vs Distal
- Proximal (opposite of distal): means situated nearest the mid-line or beginning of a body structure
- Distal (opposite of proximal): means situated farthest from the mid-line or beginning of a body structure
Medial vs Lateral
- Medial (opposite of lateral): means the direction toward, or nearer, the mid-line
- Lateral (opposite of medial): means the direction toward, or nearer, the side of the body, away from the mid-line
Two major body cavities
- The dorsal (back) and the ventral (front) cavities
* Spaces within the body that contain and protect internal organs
Dorsal cavity
- Located along the back of the body and head
- Contains organs of the nervous system
- Coordinates body functions
Dorsal cavity divided into 2 subdivisions
- Cranial cavity: located within the skull, surrounds and protects the brain
- Spinal cavity: located within the spinal column, surrounds and protects the spinal cord
Ventral cavity
- Located along the front of the body
* Contains the organs that sustain homeostasis
Ventral cavity subdivisions
- Thoracic cavity: also known as the chest cavity or thorax
- Diaphragm: muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities
- Abdominal cavity: contains the major organs of digestion
- Pelvic cavity: space formed by the hip bones; contains the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems
- Abdominopelvic cavity: refers to the abdominal and pelvic cavities as a single unit
- Inguinal: refers to the entire lower area of the abdomen; includes the groin
Regions of the thorax and abdomen divide the abdomen and lower portion of the thorax into nine parts(or just look at chart)
- Right and left hypochondriac regions: covered by the lower ribs
- Epigastric region: located above the stomach
- Right and left lumbar regions: located near the inward curve of the spine
- Umbilical region: surrounds the umbilicus, commonly known as the belly button or navel
- Right and left iliac regions: located near the hip bones
- Hypogastric region: located below the stomach
Quadrants of the abdomen
- Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
- Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
- Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
- Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
Parietal peritoneum
outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall; parietal means cavity wall
Visceral peritoneum
inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity; visceral means relating to the internal organs
