Chapter 2 and 3 Combined The Human Body and Disease

Question 1

Body Planes

Answer 1

• Imaginary vertical and horizontal lines
• Used to divide the body into sections for descriptive purposes
• Aligned to a body standing in the anatomical position

Question 2

Vertical planes

Answer 2

• Sagittal: vertical plane; divides the body into unequal left and right portions
• Midsagittal (midline): sagittal plane; divides the body into equal left and right halves
• Frontal (coronal): vertical plane; divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions

Question 3

Horizontal plane

Answer 3

Transverse plane: divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions

Question 4

Body Direction Terms

Answer 4

*Location of sections of the body or of an organ
*Described through the use of pairs of contrasting body direction terms
Example of body direction terms: Ventral, Dorsal, Cephalic, Caudal, Anterior, Posterior etc.

Question 5

Ventral vs Dorsal

Answer 5

• Ventral (opposite of dorsal): refers to the front, or belly side
• Dorsal (opposite of ventral): refers to the back of the organ or body

Question 6

Cephalic vs Caudal

Answer 6

• Cephalic (opposite of caudal): means toward the head

* Caudal (opposite of cephalic): means toward the lower part of the body

Question 7

Anterior vs Posterior

Answer 7

• Anterior (opposite of posterior): means situated in the front
• Posterior (opposite of anterior): means situated in the back

Question 8

Superior vs Inferior

Answer 8

• Superior (opposite of inferior): means uppermost, above, or toward the head
• Inferior (opposite of superior): means lowermost, below, or toward the feet

Question 9

Proximal vs Distal

Answer 9

• Proximal (opposite of distal): means situated nearest the mid-line or beginning of a body structure
• Distal (opposite of proximal): means situated farthest from the mid-line or beginning of a body structure

Question 10

Medial vs Lateral

Answer 10

• Medial (opposite of lateral): means the direction toward, or nearer, the mid-line
• Lateral (opposite of medial): means the direction toward, or nearer, the side of the body, away from the mid-line

Question 11

Two major body cavities

Answer 11

• The dorsal (back) and the ventral (front) cavities

* Spaces within the body that contain and protect internal organs

Question 12

Dorsal cavity

Answer 12

• Located along the back of the body and head
• Contains organs of the nervous system
• Coordinates body functions

Question 13

Dorsal cavity divided into 2 subdivisions

Answer 13

• Cranial cavity: located within the skull, surrounds and protects the brain
• Spinal cavity: located within the spinal column, surrounds and protects the spinal cord

Question 14

Ventral cavity

Answer 14

• Located along the front of the body

* Contains the organs that sustain homeostasis

Question 15

Ventral cavity subdivisions

Answer 15

• Thoracic cavity: also known as the chest cavity or thorax
• Diaphragm: muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities
• Abdominal cavity: contains the major organs of digestion
• Pelvic cavity: space formed by the hip bones; contains the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems
• Abdominopelvic cavity: refers to the abdominal and pelvic cavities as a single unit
• Inguinal: refers to the entire lower area of the abdomen; includes the groin

Question 16

Regions of the thorax and abdomen divide the abdomen and lower portion of the thorax into nine parts(or just look at chart)

Answer 16

• Right and left hypochondriac regions: covered by the lower ribs
• Epigastric region: located above the stomach
• Right and left lumbar regions: located near the inward curve of the spine
• Umbilical region: surrounds the umbilicus, commonly known as the belly button or navel
• Right and left iliac regions: located near the hip bones
• Hypogastric region: located below the stomach

Question 17

Quadrants of the abdomen

Answer 17

• Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
• Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
• Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
• Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

Question 18

Parietal peritoneum

Answer 18

outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall; parietal means cavity wall

Question 19

Visceral peritoneum

Answer 19

inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity; visceral means relating to the internal organs