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Physiological Psychology > Chapter 2: Anatomy of Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Anatomy of Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

The two classes of cells that make up nervous system

A

Neurons and Glia

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2
Q

Neurons

A

Cells specialized for the reception, integration and transmission of information

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3
Q

What form does information take in neurons?

A

Electrochemical signals

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4
Q

Glia

A

Cells that function in support, waste removal, formation of myelin sheath, promotion of neuron growth and guidance

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5
Q

Plasma Membrane

A
  • Lipid bilayer (2 layers of fat)
  • Semi-permeable (only some compounds get through)
  • Protein channels
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6
Q

Soma

A

Cell Body

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7
Q

Dendrite Function

A

Receive information

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8
Q

Axon function

A

Send information

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9
Q

Dendritic spines

A

-Points of contacts with other neurons

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10
Q

How do dendritic spines change?

A

They can grow and retract

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11
Q

Neuron types

A

Motor and sensory neurons

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12
Q

Motor neuron

A

Connects to muscle or organ

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13
Q

Sensory neuron

A

Brings senory information to brain

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14
Q

How many dendrites does a motor neuron have? Less or many?

A

Many

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15
Q

How many axons does a motor neuron have?

A
  • Only one
  • Axon hillock
  • Myelin sheath
  • Terminal bouton
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16
Q

Are there distinct axons or dendrites in sensory neurons?

A

There are no true axons or dendrites

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17
Q

Describe each end of sensory neuron

A

Each end is a combination; myelinated, fast conduction

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18
Q

Where is cell body in sensory neuron?

A

It is located off to the side

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19
Q

Afferent means __ and which neurons are this

A
  • approach/arrive

- sensory neurons

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20
Q

Efferent means __ and which neurons are this

A
  • Exit

- Motor Neurons

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21
Q

Astrocytes

A

Remove waste (chemicals and dead neurons)

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22
Q

Microglia

A

Release nitric oxide (NO) to kill damaged neurons

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23
Q

Radial glia

A

Used to guide newborn neurons

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24
Q

What do glia produce?

A

Myelin sheath

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25
Q

Schwann Cell’s location and how many axons they myelinate

A
  • Peripheral Nervous System

- Only one cell

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26
Q

Oligodendrocytes Cell’s location and how many axons they myelinate

A
  • Central Nervous System

- Can cover many axons

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27
Q

Two divisions of nervous system

A

Peripheral and Central

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28
Q

Dorsal

A

Top

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29
Q

Ventral

A

Bottom

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30
Q

Medial

A

Middle

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31
Q

Lateral

A

Side

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32
Q

Anterior

A

Front

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33
Q

Posterior

A

Back

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34
Q

Saggital cut

A

Splits left and right hemisphere

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35
Q

Horizontal cut

A

Splits into dorsal and ventral

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36
Q

Coronal cut

A

Splits anterior and posterior

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37
Q

Nuclei

A

Groups of cells that serve a particular function

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38
Q

How do different nuclei communicate?

A

They form circuits and networks to accomplish functions

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39
Q

Divisions in Central Nervous System

A

Brain and spinal cord

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40
Q

Divisions in Peripheral Nervous system

A

Somatic and autonomic

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41
Q

Divisions in somatic

A

Afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor)

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42
Q

Divisions in autonomic

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

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43
Q

How many spinal nerves are there and what are they composed of?

A
  • 31 pairs

- each nerve contains sensory and motor axons

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44
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

A

12 pairs

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45
Q

Motor neurons exit from ___ side of spinal cord

A

ventral

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46
Q

Sensory neurons enter from ___ side of spinal cord

A

Dorsal

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47
Q

Function of Peripheral Nervous system

A

Allow communication with external and internal world

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48
Q

External world

A

Somatic Nervous System

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49
Q

Internal World

A

Autonomic Nervous system

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50
Q

Nerves

A

Bundles of axons

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51
Q

Efferent nerves in somatic nervous system control

____

A

voluntary skeletal muscles

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52
Q

Afferent nerves in somatic nervous system ____________

A

relay sensory information from the skin

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53
Q

Bell-Magendie Law

A

Sensory enters on dorsal side or through dorsal roots and motor exits on ventral side or ventral roots

54
Q

Cranial Nerve X

A

Vagus nerve

  • sensory (heart, viscera)
  • motor (heart; viscera)
55
Q

Functions of Autonomic Nervous system

A
  • monitors and controls internal environment
  • innervates internal organs
  • controls activity of heart, stomach, intestines, diaphragm, kidney, pupils, etc.
56
Q

Functions of sympathetic nervous system

A
  • Arousal: fight or flight
  • Mobilizes the body for vigorous action
  • Increases heart rate, respiration, blood flow to muscles
  • Decreases digestion
57
Q

Functions of Parasympathetic Nervous system

A
  • Conserves energy by decreasing heart rate and respiration, blood moves away from skeletal muscles
  • maintains homeostasis (physiological equilibrium)
  • Increases secretion of gastric enzymes, increases salivation
58
Q

Most organs are _____ innervated

A

dually innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic

59
Q

Myogenic

A

Heart can beat in absence of nervous system

60
Q

Only innervated by sympathetic only

A
  • hair follicles
  • sweat glands
  • liver
61
Q

Function of liver

A

Converts glycogen into glucose for energy

62
Q

What divisions of spinal cord are involved in sympathetic NS?

A

Thoracic and lumbar

63
Q

Main neurotransmitter in Sympathetic NS

A

Norepinephrine

64
Q

Nerves involved in Parasympathetic

A

Cranial nerves and sacral spinal cord

65
Q

Main neurotransmitter in Parasympathetic NS

A

Acetylcholine

66
Q

The most well protected organs of body

A

Brain and spinal cord

67
Q

4 protection ways of Central Nervous system

A
  1. Blood-brain barrier
  2. Bone
  3. Membrane (Meninges)
  4. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
68
Q

Blood brain barrier also protects

A

Spinal cord

69
Q

Blood brain barrier function

A

Protects brain and spinal cord from harmful substances

70
Q

Where is blood brain barrier?

A

Located where blood vessels contact brain and spinal cord tissue

71
Q

What are blood brain barrier made up of?

A

Endothelial cells which are flat and are tightly packed to prevent any gaps

72
Q

Gases involved in passive diffusion

A

Oxygen in and carbon dioxide out

73
Q

What do active transport systems require?

A

energy

74
Q

What do active transport systems transport?

A

Glucose, amino acids, hormones, vitamins

75
Q

What gets easily through blood barrier?

A

Fat- soluble compounds

76
Q

Why is it easy for drugs of abuse to cross blood brain barrier?

A

They are fat soluble.

77
Q

Hardest bones

A

Skull and vertebrae

78
Q

What are meninges and their function?

A

They are membranes and they provide cushioning to protect from abrasion

79
Q

Pia mater location

A

innermost

80
Q

Arachnoid mater location and description

A

In the middle and web-like or spongy

81
Q

Dura mater location and description

A

Outermost and tough/thick

82
Q

Meningitis

A

Inflammation of the meninges

83
Q

Function of cerebrospinal fluid

A

Provides more cushioning

84
Q

Where is cerebrospinal fluid located in spinal cord and brain?

A
  • central canal of spinal cord

- ventricles in brain

85
Q

Brain ventricles

A

4 fluid filled cavities in brain

86
Q

What produces cerebrospinal fluid and how often?

A

Choroid plexus

- continuously produced and absorbed

87
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

Water-brain; there is blockage in draining system of cerebrospinal fluid; seen as large heads on infants

88
Q

Three subdivisions of brain

A

Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)
Midbrain(mesencephalon)
Forebrain(prosencephalon)

89
Q

Medulla oblongata location and function

A
  • It is in Hindbrain
  • It controls life-sustaining functions such as blood circulation, respiration, maintain muscle tone, and reflexes (sneezing, coughing, salivating)
90
Q

Pons’ location and function

A

In hindbrain and controls sleep and arousal

91
Q

Cerebellum location and function

A
  • In hindbrain

- Coordination of movement, sense of balance

92
Q

Which part of brain are you testing when you take tests for alcohol intoxication?

A

Cerebellum

93
Q

Two parts to Midbrain

A

Tectum “roof” and Tegmentum “floor”

94
Q

Where is superior colliculus and what is responsible for?

A

In tectum and for visual reflexes

95
Q

Where is inferior colliculus and what is responsible for?

A

In tectum and auditory reflexes

96
Q

Where is reticular formation and what is repsonsible for?

A

In tegmentum and arousal

97
Q

Where is substantia nigra and what is repsonsible for?

A

In tegmentum and dopamine

98
Q

Where is Ventral tegmental area (VTA) ?

A

In tegmentum

99
Q

Where is Periaqueductal gray and what is repsonsible for?

A

In Tegmentum and for defensive behaviors

100
Q

Where is thamalus?

A

Forebrain

101
Q

What is thalamus and its functions?

A
  • Sensory relay center

- Aids in sensory integration

102
Q

What is function of hypothalamus?

A
  • Homeostatic regulation such as hunger, thirst, temperature

- Controls endocrine (hormone) system

103
Q

What 5 structures are involved in the limbic system?

A 
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Spetum
Cingulate cortex
Parts of hypothalamus
104
Q

What areas is limbic system involved?

A
  • Learning and memory
  • Emotions
  • Motivation
105
Q

What area is hippocampus involved in?

A

Spatial memory

106
Q

What area is amygdala involved in?

A

Emotions, especially fear and anxiety

107
Q

What areas is basal ganglia involved in?

A

Movement control

108
Q

What diseases are associated with basal ganglia?

A

Parkinsons and Huntingtons

109
Q

Structures associated with basal ganglia

A

Caudate nucleus, putman, globus pallidus

110
Q

Definition of cortex

A

Any layered structure that covers another

111
Q

How many layers in neocortex?

A

6

112
Q

Where is cerebral cortex?

A

Outermost layer of brain

113
Q

Why are there convolutions?

A

They allow more overall surface area in a limited space

114
Q

What is cerebral cortex divided into?

A

Left and right hemispheres

115
Q

What connects the two hemisphere?

A

Corpus Callosum

116
Q

Name the four lobes of the brain

A

Temporal, Frontal, Occipital, Parietal

117
Q

Function of occipital lobe

A
  • Important for vision

- Visual information relayed from thalamus

118
Q

Function of temporal lobe

A
  • Auditory processing of primary auditory complex, language, and music
  • Complex visual information about object recognition and face recognition
119
Q

What comes first? Motor or somatosensory cortex?

A

Motor is in in frontal and somatosensory is next to it in the parietal lobe

120
Q

What seperates the motor and somasensory cortei?

A

Central sulcus

121
Q

Sulcus

A

Groove

122
Q

Gyrus

A

Elevation

123
Q

Precentral gyrus

A

Motor cortex

124
Q

Postcentral gyrus

A

Somatosensory cortex

125
Q

Function of somatosensory cortex

A
  • Sensory information coming from the skin

- homunculus

126
Q

Homunculus

A

Little man in your head

127
Q

Size of cortical representation in the somatosensory cortex (is/is not) proportional to size of body part

A

is not

128
Q

Size of cortical representation in the somatosensory cortex is proportional to

A

acuity of touch

129
Q

Function of motor cortex

A
  • Plans for movement of skeletal muscles

- homunculus

130
Q

What is the size of cortical representation in the motor cortex proportional to?

A

Precision of movements

131
Q

What is frontal lobe involved in?

A

Highest (most complex) cognitive functions

Physiological Psychology (5 decks)

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