Chapter 2: Anatomy of Nervous System Flashcards
1
Q
The two classes of cells that make up nervous system
A
Neurons and Glia
2
Q
Neurons
A
Cells specialized for the reception, integration and transmission of information
3
Q
What form does information take in neurons?
A
Electrochemical signals
4
Q
Glia
A
Cells that function in support, waste removal, formation of myelin sheath, promotion of neuron growth and guidance
5
Q
Plasma Membrane
A
- Lipid bilayer (2 layers of fat)
- Semi-permeable (only some compounds get through)
- Protein channels
6
Q
Soma
A
Cell Body
7
Q
Dendrite Function
A
Receive information
8
Q
Axon function
A
Send information
9
Q
Dendritic spines
A
-Points of contacts with other neurons
10
Q
How do dendritic spines change?
A
They can grow and retract
11
Q
Neuron types
A
Motor and sensory neurons
12
Q
Motor neuron
A
Connects to muscle or organ
13
Q
Sensory neuron
A
Brings senory information to brain
14
Q
How many dendrites does a motor neuron have? Less or many?
A
Many
15
Q
How many axons does a motor neuron have?
A
- Only one
- Axon hillock
- Myelin sheath
- Terminal bouton
16
Q
Are there distinct axons or dendrites in sensory neurons?
A
There are no true axons or dendrites
17
Q
Describe each end of sensory neuron
A
Each end is a combination; myelinated, fast conduction
18
Q
Where is cell body in sensory neuron?
A
It is located off to the side
19
Q
Afferent means __ and which neurons are this
A
- approach/arrive
- sensory neurons
20
Q
Efferent means __ and which neurons are this
A
- Exit
- Motor Neurons
21
Q
Astrocytes
A
Remove waste (chemicals and dead neurons)
22
Q
Microglia
A
Release nitric oxide (NO) to kill damaged neurons
23
Q
Radial glia
A
Used to guide newborn neurons
24
Q
What do glia produce?
A
Myelin sheath
25
Schwann Cell's location and how many axons they myelinate
- Peripheral Nervous System
| - Only one cell
26
Oligodendrocytes Cell's location and how many axons they myelinate
- Central Nervous System
| - Can cover many axons
27
Two divisions of nervous system
Peripheral and Central
28
Dorsal
Top
29
Ventral
Bottom
30
Medial
Middle
31
Lateral
Side
32
Anterior
Front
33
Posterior
Back
34
Saggital cut
Splits left and right hemisphere
35
Horizontal cut
Splits into dorsal and ventral
36
Coronal cut
Splits anterior and posterior
37
Nuclei
Groups of cells that serve a particular function
38
How do different nuclei communicate?
They form circuits and networks to accomplish functions
39
Divisions in Central Nervous System
Brain and spinal cord
40
Divisions in Peripheral Nervous system
Somatic and autonomic
41
Divisions in somatic
Afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor)
42
Divisions in autonomic
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
43
How many spinal nerves are there and what are they composed of?
- 31 pairs
| - each nerve contains sensory and motor axons
44
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
12 pairs
45
Motor neurons exit from ___ side of spinal cord
ventral
46
Sensory neurons enter from ___ side of spinal cord
Dorsal
47
Function of Peripheral Nervous system
Allow communication with external and internal world
48
External world
Somatic Nervous System
49
Internal World
Autonomic Nervous system
50
Nerves
Bundles of axons
51
Efferent nerves in somatic nervous system control
| ____
voluntary skeletal muscles
52
Afferent nerves in somatic nervous system ____________
relay sensory information from the skin
53
Bell-Magendie Law
Sensory enters on dorsal side or through dorsal roots and motor exits on ventral side or ventral roots
54
Cranial Nerve X
Vagus nerve
- sensory (heart, viscera)
- motor (heart; viscera)
55
Functions of Autonomic Nervous system
- monitors and controls internal environment
- innervates internal organs
- controls activity of heart, stomach, intestines, diaphragm, kidney, pupils, etc.
56
Functions of sympathetic nervous system
- Arousal: fight or flight
- Mobilizes the body for vigorous action
- Increases heart rate, respiration, blood flow to muscles
- Decreases digestion
57
Functions of Parasympathetic Nervous system
- Conserves energy by decreasing heart rate and respiration, blood moves away from skeletal muscles
- maintains homeostasis (physiological equilibrium)
- Increases secretion of gastric enzymes, increases salivation
58
Most organs are _____ innervated
dually innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic
59
Myogenic
Heart can beat in absence of nervous system
60
Only innervated by sympathetic only
- hair follicles
- sweat glands
- liver
61
Function of liver
Converts glycogen into glucose for energy
62
What divisions of spinal cord are involved in sympathetic NS?
Thoracic and lumbar
63
Main neurotransmitter in Sympathetic NS
Norepinephrine
64
Nerves involved in Parasympathetic
Cranial nerves and sacral spinal cord
65
Main neurotransmitter in Parasympathetic NS
Acetylcholine
66
The most well protected organs of body
Brain and spinal cord
67
4 protection ways of Central Nervous system
1. Blood-brain barrier
2. Bone
3. Membrane (Meninges)
4. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
68
Blood brain barrier also protects
Spinal cord
69
Blood brain barrier function
Protects brain and spinal cord from harmful substances
70
Where is blood brain barrier?
Located where blood vessels contact brain and spinal cord tissue
71
What are blood brain barrier made up of?
Endothelial cells which are flat and are tightly packed to prevent any gaps
72
Gases involved in passive diffusion
Oxygen in and carbon dioxide out
73
What do active transport systems require?
energy
74
What do active transport systems transport?
Glucose, amino acids, hormones, vitamins
75
What gets easily through blood barrier?
Fat- soluble compounds
76
Why is it easy for drugs of abuse to cross blood brain barrier?
They are fat soluble.
77
Hardest bones
Skull and vertebrae
78
What are meninges and their function?
They are membranes and they provide cushioning to protect from abrasion
79
Pia mater location
innermost
80
Arachnoid mater location and description
In the middle and web-like or spongy
81
Dura mater location and description
Outermost and tough/thick
82
Meningitis
Inflammation of the meninges
83
Function of cerebrospinal fluid
Provides more cushioning
84
Where is cerebrospinal fluid located in spinal cord and brain?
- central canal of spinal cord
| - ventricles in brain
85
Brain ventricles
4 fluid filled cavities in brain
86
What produces cerebrospinal fluid and how often?
Choroid plexus
| - continuously produced and absorbed
87
Hydrocephalus
Water-brain; there is blockage in draining system of cerebrospinal fluid; seen as large heads on infants
88
Three subdivisions of brain
Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)
Midbrain(mesencephalon)
Forebrain(prosencephalon)
89
Medulla oblongata location and function
- It is in Hindbrain
- It controls life-sustaining functions such as blood circulation, respiration, maintain muscle tone, and reflexes (sneezing, coughing, salivating)
90
Pons' location and function
In hindbrain and controls sleep and arousal
91
Cerebellum location and function
- In hindbrain
| - Coordination of movement, sense of balance
92
Which part of brain are you testing when you take tests for alcohol intoxication?
Cerebellum
93
Two parts to Midbrain
Tectum "roof" and Tegmentum "floor"
94
Where is superior colliculus and what is responsible for?
In tectum and for visual reflexes
95
Where is inferior colliculus and what is responsible for?
In tectum and auditory reflexes
96
Where is reticular formation and what is repsonsible for?
In tegmentum and arousal
97
Where is substantia nigra and what is repsonsible for?
In tegmentum and dopamine
98
Where is Ventral tegmental area (VTA) ?
In tegmentum
99
Where is Periaqueductal gray and what is repsonsible for?
In Tegmentum and for defensive behaviors
100
Where is thamalus?
Forebrain
101
What is thalamus and its functions?
- Sensory relay center
| - Aids in sensory integration
102
What is function of hypothalamus?
- Homeostatic regulation such as hunger, thirst, temperature
| - Controls endocrine (hormone) system
103
What 5 structures are involved in the limbic system?
```
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Spetum
Cingulate cortex
Parts of hypothalamus
```
104
What areas is limbic system involved?
- Learning and memory
- Emotions
- Motivation
105
What area is hippocampus involved in?
Spatial memory
106
What area is amygdala involved in?
Emotions, especially fear and anxiety
107
What areas is basal ganglia involved in?
Movement control
108
What diseases are associated with basal ganglia?
Parkinsons and Huntingtons
109
Structures associated with basal ganglia
Caudate nucleus, putman, globus pallidus
110
Definition of cortex
Any layered structure that covers another
111
How many layers in neocortex?
6
112
Where is cerebral cortex?
Outermost layer of brain
113
Why are there convolutions?
They allow more overall surface area in a limited space
114
What is cerebral cortex divided into?
Left and right hemispheres
115
What connects the two hemisphere?
Corpus Callosum
116
Name the four lobes of the brain
Temporal, Frontal, Occipital, Parietal
117
Function of occipital lobe
- Important for vision
| - Visual information relayed from thalamus
118
Function of temporal lobe
- Auditory processing of primary auditory complex, language, and music
- Complex visual information about object recognition and face recognition
119
What comes first? Motor or somatosensory cortex?
Motor is in in frontal and somatosensory is next to it in the parietal lobe
120
What seperates the motor and somasensory cortei?
Central sulcus
121
Sulcus
Groove
122
Gyrus
Elevation
123
Precentral gyrus
Motor cortex
124
Postcentral gyrus
Somatosensory cortex
125
Function of somatosensory cortex
- Sensory information coming from the skin
| - homunculus
126
Homunculus
Little man in your head
127
Size of cortical representation in the somatosensory cortex (is/is not) proportional to size of body part
is not
128
Size of cortical representation in the somatosensory cortex is proportional to
acuity of touch
129
Function of motor cortex
- Plans for movement of skeletal muscles
| - homunculus
130
What is the size of cortical representation in the motor cortex proportional to?
Precision of movements
131
What is frontal lobe involved in?
Highest (most complex) cognitive functions
