Chapter 2- Anatomical Terminology Flashcards
Standard Anatomical position
Human standing, looking forward, feet together & pointed forward, arms alongside body and thumbs pointed away from body
left & right
Refer to sides of individual being studied, not the observers viewpoint
Cranial skeletal anatomy
anatomy of skull
postcranial anatomy
any bones below the skull
axial skeleton
bones of the trunk
appendicular skeleton
bones of the limbs, incl. pelvic girdles
saggital (midsaggital, median, or midline)
Divides the body into symmetrical right and L halves
parasaggital section
Any planar slice thru the body that parallels the sagittal plane
coronal (frontal) plane
Divides the body into front and back half
paracoronal plane
a plane that is parallel to the coronal plane (dividing the body into front & back(
transverse (horizontal plane)
slices thru the body at any height, but is perpendicular to the sagittal and frontal planes
superior
towards the head ot the hominid
inferior
away from the head
anterior
towards the ront of the body
posterior
towards the back of the body
medial
towards the midline of the body
lateral
opposite of medial; away from the midilne of the body
proximal
nearest the axial skeleton, usually used for limb bones
distal
farthest from the axial skeleton
external
outer, closer to the surface
internal
inner, farther from the surface
extrinsic
external to that which it acts upon (ex. muscles)
intrinsic
internal to that which it acts upon (ex. muscles)
endocranial
inner surface of the cranial vault
ectocranial
outer surface of the cranial vault
superficial
closer to the surface
deep
opposite of superficial, far from the surface
subcutaneous
just below the skin
palmar
palm side of the hand
plantar
sole side of the foot
volar
refers to either the hollow of either the hand or the foot
dorsal
top/back of either hand or foot
mesial
towards the midilne of the dental arch where central incisors contact each other
distal
opposite of mesial. away from the midline of the dental arch
lingual
towards the tongue.
labial
opposite of lingual, towards the lips. used for front teeth
buccal
opposite of lingual, toward the cheeks. used for back teeth
interproximal
the area of a tooth in contact with an adjacent tooth in the same jaw
occlusal
facing the opposing dental arch, usually the chewing surface of each tooth
apical
towards or at the root of the tooth
cervical
at, around, pertaining to either the neck proper, or any number of anatomical spots referred to as a neck or cervix
incisal
the biting, or occlusal edge of the incisors
mesiodistal axis
axis running from mesial to distal (on a tooth)
buccolingual & labiolingual axes
axis running from labial or buccal to lingual (on a tooth)
flexion
bending movement decreasing angle between body parts
extension
opposite of flexion, a straightening movement
abduction
movement of a body part, usually a limb, away from the sagittal plane
adduction
movement of a body part, usually a limb, towards` from the sagittal plane
circumduction
appendage being moved in cone-shaped movement
rotation
motion occuring as a body part turns on an axis`
opposition
motion in which body parts are brought together (like two fingers grasping small objects)
pronation
rotation of the forearms- palm is turned to facing up
supination
palm returned to facing down, thumb lateral
dorsiflexion
flexion of anterior portion of foot away from the ground (front of foot up)
plantarflexion (volarflexion)
flexing anterior portion of the foot inferiorly ((heel up)
eversion (supination)
turning sole of foot inward so it faces midline of body
inversion of foot
turning sole of foot upwards so it faces towards midline of body
process
bony prominence
eminence
a bony projection tat is not as prominent as a process
spine
a long, thin sharp process
tuberosity
large, rugose/roughened eminence of variable shape. Often a site of tendon/ligament attachment
tubercle
small, usually rugose eminence. a small version of a tuberosity
trochanter
one of two large, prominent, blunt rugose processes found only on FEMUR.
malleolus
round protuberance adjacent to ankle joint
boss
smooth, ronud, broad eminence (such as bossing of frontal bone on skull
articulation
an area where adjacent bones are in contact
condyle
a rounded articular process.
epicondyle
a nonarticular projection adjacent to a condyle.
head
a large, rounded, usually articular ed of a bone
shaft
the long straight section of a bone
epiphysis
usually the end portion or extremity of a bone tht is expanded for articulation
neck
the section of a bone between the head and the shaft
torus
a bony thickening (such as in the skull)
ridge
a linear bony elecation, often roughened
crest
a prominent, usually sharp & thin edge of bone often formed between adjacent muscle masses
line
a linear raised surface, not as thick as a torus or as sharp as a crest
hamulus
a hook-shaped projection. Such as on the wrist’s hamate bone
facet
a small articular surface on a bone, or a tooth-tooth contact.
ramus
a branch
fossa
a depressed area, broad and shallow
fovea
pit-like depressed area, usually smaller than a fossa
groove
long pit/furrow
sulcus
a long, wide groove
fontanelle
a space between cranial bones of an infant
suture
where adjacent bones of the skull meet/articulate
foramen
opening thru a bone, usually a passage for nerves
hamulus
a hook-shaped projection. Such as on the wrist’s hamate bone
facet
a small articular surface on a bone, or a tooth-tooth contact.
ramus
a branch
fossa
a depressed area, broad and shallow
fovea
pit-like depressed area, usually smaller than a fossa
groove
long pit/furrow
sulcus
a long, wide groove
fontanelle
a space between cranial bones of an infant
suture
where adjacent bones of the skull meet/articulate
foramen
opening thru a bone, usually a passage for nerves
canal
a tunnel-like passage usually extending from a foramen
canaliculus
a very small passage or duct
sinus
a cavity within a cranial bone
alveolus
a tooth socket
