Chapter 2: Altered Cellular And Tissue Biology

Question 0

Hypertrophy

Answer 0

Increase in size of cells, number of organelles. Physiological:increase in the size of skeletal muscle due to increased workload. Pathological: increase in the size of myocardial cells due to hypertension or valve defects

Question 1

Atrophy

Answer 1

Decrease in cell size, organelles, protein synthesis, increased protein catabolism. Commonly seen in heart, brain,skeletal muscle, secondary sex organs

Question 2

Hyperplasia

Answer 2

Increase in the number of cells resulting from increased rate of cellular division

Question 3

Dysplasia

Answer 3

Atypical hyperplasia, abnormal changes in the size,shape,and organization of mature cells. Seen in respiratory and cervical epithelium

Question 4

Metaplasia

Answer 4

Reversible, replacement of one normal cell type by another normal cell type, respiratory epithelium in smokers

Question 5

Cell injury

Answer 5

Cell is unable to maintain homeostasis in the face of injurious stimuli

Question 6

Hypoxic Injury

Answer 6

Most common cause of cellular injury, causes: ischemia,decreased oxygen in the air,decreased production of red blood cells,loss of hemoglobin,diseases of respiratory and cardiovascular systems

Question 7

Reversible Injury

Answer 7

Decreased mitochondrial phosphorylation in hypoxia decreased ATP production, stimulation of glycolysis, failure of sodium-potassium pump leads to intracellular accumulation of sodium, calcium and water, leading to cellular swelling, dilation of endoplasmic reticulum, with detachment of ribosomes and decrease in protein synthesis

Question 8

Irreversible Injury

Answer 8

Vacuolation, swelling of lysosomes, swelling of mitochondria, accumulated intracellular calcium activates enzymes:lipases and proteases, DNA degradation, cell death

Question 9

Chemical Injury

Answer 9

Many chemical agents can cause cellular injury, e.g air pollutants, insecticides, preservatives in food, overdose of medicines, alcohol, carbon monoxide. Cause injury by direct toxicity by combining with membranes, form free radicals

Question 10

Necrosis

Answer 10

Occurs after severs and sudden injury, sum of cellular changes after local cell death and the process of cellular auto digestion, inflammation of surrounding areas, signs: disruption of plasma and organelle membrane, dense clumping and progressive disruption of genetic material, nuclear changes

Question 11

Coagulative Necrosis

Answer 11

Heart, kidneys, adrenals. Hypoxia due to ischemia or chemical injury. Protein denaturation. Necrotic tissues appears firm and swollen

Question 12

Liquefactive Necrosis

Answer 12

Brain, ischemic injury to neurons and glial cells or bacterial infection, tissues are liquefied, cyst formation

Question 13

Caseous necrosis

Answer 13

Lungs, tuberculosis, combination of coagulative and Liquefactive necrosis, tissues appear soft and granular and resemble crumpled cheese, granulomas

Question 14

Fat necrosis

Answer 14

Breasts, pancreas, lipases, saponification, necrotic tissue appears opaque and chalk white

Question 15

Gangrenous necrosis

Answer 15

Severe hypoxia, seen in extremities, common in people with diabetes, arteriosclerosis. Dry gangrene: coagulative necrosis, skin is dry, wrinkled and black. Wet gangrene: neutrophil invasion, Liquefactive necrosis, wet

Question 16

Apoptosis

Answer 16

Seen in normal and pathological tissues, cells become smaller in size with dense cytoplasm and tightly packed organelles, nucleus breaks into fragments, apoptic bodies are formed, apoptic bodies are ingested by phagocytes and degraded by lysosomal enzymes

Question 17

Autophagy

Answer 17

Cells eats it’s content, autophagic vacuole is formed, autophagolysosome is formed and the cellular components are digested by the lysosomal enzymes