Chapter 2 - Acids, Bases, And Functional Groups

Question 1

Dipole moments are due to ____

Answer 1

Differences in electronegativity

Question 2

Molecular dipole moment is the ___ sum of the bond dipole moments

Answer 2

Vector

Question 3

Dipole-Dipole interactions result from the approach of _________

Answer 3

Two polar molecules

Question 4

London dispersion forces occur when a ________ occurs

Answer 4

Temporary dipole moment

Question 5

The longer the chain, the higher the _____

Answer 5

Boiling point

Question 6

As the amount of chain branching ______, the boiling point ______

Answer 6

Increases, decreases

Question 7

Hydrogen bonding occurs between ____ or _____

Answer 7

N-H, O-H

Question 8

Hydrogen bonding _____ the boiling point of the molecule

Answer 8

Increases

Question 9

O-H is ____ than N-H and therefore has ____ boiling points

Answer 9

More polar, higher

Question 10

A polar solute dissolved in a polar solvent is _____

Answer 10

Hydrophilic

Question 11

Nonpolar substances do not dissolve in water and therefore are ____

Answer 11

Hydrophobic

Question 12

Arrhenius acids are substances that dissociate in water to give _____ ions

Answer 12

H3O+

Question 13

Arrhenius bases are substances that dissociate in water to give _____ ions

Answer 13

OH-

Question 14

A Brønsted-Lowry acid is any species that _________

Answer 14

Donates a proton

Question 15

A Brønsted-Lowry base is any species that _________

Answer 15

Accepts a proton

Question 16

When a base accepts a proton, it becomes __________

Answer 16

An acid capable of returning that proton

Question 17

When an acid donates its proton, it becomes __________

Answer 17

Capable of accepting that proton back

Question 18

Strong acids have ____ Ka and _____ pKa

Answer 18

Higher, lower

Question 19

Acid-base reactions favor the ____ acid and the _____ base

Answer 19

Weaker, weaker

Question 20

A more electronegative element bears a negative charge more easily, giving a _______________

Answer 20

More stable conjugate base and a stronger acid

Question 21

The negative charge of an anion is ________ if it is spread over a larger region of space

Answer 21

More stable

Question 22

Electron-withdrawing atoms and groups can stabilize a ________ through _______

Answer 22

Conjugate base, sigma bond

Question 23

Inductive effect increases as __________

Answer 23

The number of bonds between the electronegative element and the site of the negative charge decreases

Question 24

Stronger acids have conjugate bases with __________

Answer 24

Lower hybridization states

Question 25

If the negative charge can be delocalized over two or more atoms, the acidity will be ___________

Answer 25

Greater than when the negative charge cannot be delocalized

Question 26

Nucleophiles are species that are __________

Answer 26

Electron rich seeking a nuclei to donate to

Question 27

Electrophiles are species __________

Answer 27

That are electron seeking

Question 28

Alkane

Answer 28

Single bonds between the carbons

Question 29

Cycloalkane

Answer 29

Sp3 carbons form a ring

Question 30

Allene

Answer 30

Double bonds are present in the molecule

Question 31

Cycloalkene

Answer 31

Double bond in a ring

Question 32

Alkyne

Answer 32

Triple bonds are present

Question 33

Aromatic

Answer 33

Contains a benzene ring

Question 34

Alcohol

Answer 34

Hydroxyl group (-OH)

Question 35

Ethers

Answer 35

Two alkyl groups bonded to an oxygen (R-O-R)

Question 36

Aldehyde

Answer 36

Contains a carbonyl group bonded to 1 alkyl group and 1 hydrogen atom bonded (C=O)

Question 37

Ketone

Answer 37

Contain the carbonyl group attached to two alkyl groups (C=O)

Question 38

Carboxylic acids

Answer 38

Carbonyl and alcohol (-COOH)

Question 39

Ester

Answer 39

R-COO-R’

Question 40

Amide

Answer 40

(R-CO-NH2) or (R-CO-NHR’)

Question 41

Amines

Answer 41

Alkylated derivatives of ammonia (R-NH2) or (R-NH-R’) or (N bound to three R groups)

Question 42

Nitriles

Answer 42

Compound containing the cyano group (C triple bonded to N)