Chapter 2 - Acids, Bases, And Functional Groups Flashcards
Dipole moments are due to ____
Differences in electronegativity
Molecular dipole moment is the ___ sum of the bond dipole moments
Vector
Dipole-Dipole interactions result from the approach of _________
Two polar molecules
London dispersion forces occur when a ________ occurs
Temporary dipole moment
The longer the chain, the higher the _____
Boiling point
As the amount of chain branching ______, the boiling point ______
Increases, decreases
Hydrogen bonding occurs between ____ or _____
N-H, O-H
Hydrogen bonding _____ the boiling point of the molecule
Increases
O-H is ____ than N-H and therefore has ____ boiling points
More polar, higher
A polar solute dissolved in a polar solvent is _____
Hydrophilic
Nonpolar substances do not dissolve in water and therefore are ____
Hydrophobic
Arrhenius acids are substances that dissociate in water to give _____ ions
H3O+
Arrhenius bases are substances that dissociate in water to give _____ ions
OH-
A Brønsted-Lowry acid is any species that _________
Donates a proton
A Brønsted-Lowry base is any species that _________
Accepts a proton
When a base accepts a proton, it becomes __________
An acid capable of returning that proton
When an acid donates its proton, it becomes __________
Capable of accepting that proton back
Strong acids have ____ Ka and _____ pKa
Higher, lower
Acid-base reactions favor the ____ acid and the _____ base
Weaker, weaker
A more electronegative element bears a negative charge more easily, giving a _______________
More stable conjugate base and a stronger acid
The negative charge of an anion is ________ if it is spread over a larger region of space
More stable
Electron-withdrawing atoms and groups can stabilize a ________ through _______
Conjugate base, sigma bond
Inductive effect increases as __________
The number of bonds between the electronegative element and the site of the negative charge decreases
Stronger acids have conjugate bases with __________
Lower hybridization states
If the negative charge can be delocalized over two or more atoms, the acidity will be ___________
Greater than when the negative charge cannot be delocalized
Nucleophiles are species that are __________
Electron rich seeking a nuclei to donate to
Electrophiles are species __________
That are electron seeking
Alkane
Single bonds between the carbons
Cycloalkane
Sp3 carbons form a ring
Allene
Double bonds are present in the molecule
Cycloalkene
Double bond in a ring
Alkyne
Triple bonds are present
Aromatic
Contains a benzene ring
Alcohol
Hydroxyl group (-OH)
Ethers
Two alkyl groups bonded to an oxygen (R-O-R)
Aldehyde
Contains a carbonyl group bonded to 1 alkyl group and 1 hydrogen atom bonded (C=O)
Ketone
Contain the carbonyl group attached to two alkyl groups (C=O)
Carboxylic acids
Carbonyl and alcohol (-COOH)
Ester
R-COO-R’
Amide
(R-CO-NH2) or (R-CO-NHR’)
Amines
Alkylated derivatives of ammonia (R-NH2) or (R-NH-R’) or (N bound to three R groups)
Nitriles
Compound containing the cyano group (C triple bonded to N)
