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Immunology > Chapter 2 Abbas > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Abbas Flashcards

1
Q

CD4 cells are — T Cells

A

Helper T Cells

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2
Q

CD8 cells are — T Cells

A

Cytotoxic T Cells

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3
Q

CD stands for

A

Cluster of Differentiation

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4
Q

Three challenges that the immune system has to confront to generate an effect protective response against infective pathogens

A
  1. Respond rapidly to many different types of microbes that can be introduced at any site in the body
  2. The adaptive immune response has very few naive lymphocytes that specifically recognize and respond to one antigen
    3/ The effector mechanisms of the adaptive immune system (antibodies and effector T cells) may have to locate and destroy microbes at any sites that are distant from the site where the immune respond was induced
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5
Q

Name the cells that serve specialized roles in the innate and adaptive immune responses

A

Phagocytes, dendritic cells (DC), antigen specific lymphocytes and various other leukocytes that function to eliminate antigens

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6
Q

Where are the cells that service specialized roles in the innate and adaptive immune response derived from

A

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)

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7
Q

Give me an example of myeloid cells

A

Phagocytes or DCs

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8
Q

Give me an example of lymphoid cells

A

Lymphocytes

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9
Q

Where do the response of lymphocytes to antigens generally occur?

A

In the lymphoid or other tissues

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10
Q

How are the populations of the cells in the immune system distinguished?

A

Through the expression of various membrane proteins

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11
Q

Give me an additional function of the membrane proteins found on immune cells aside from distinguishing one type from another

A

They have many functions in the cells types in which they are expressed

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12
Q

What is the most common way to determine if a particular marker is expressed on a cell

A

Monoclonal antibodies - each specific for a different molecule and labelled with probes that can be readily detected on cell surfaces by use of an appropriate instrument

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13
Q

Give me an example of two different types of phagocytes

A

Neutrophils and macrophages

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14
Q

What is the primary function of phagocytes

A

To ingest and destroy microbes and remove damaged tissues

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15
Q

Give me the functional response of phagocytes in host defence

A
  1. Recruitment of cells to the site of infection
  2. Recognition of and activation by microbes
  3. Ingestion of the microbes by the process of phagocytosis
  4. Destruction of the ingested microbes
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16
Q

How do phagocytes communicate with other cells in ways that promote or regulate immune response

A

CYTOKINES!!!!!!! [Secretion]

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17
Q

Bone marrow produces which two types of actively phagocytic cells

A

Blood neutrophils and monocytes

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18
Q

Blood neutrophils and monocytes circulate the blood and are

A

Actively recruited to the site inflammation

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19
Q

Which response is more rapid - Neutrophils or Monocytes

A

Neutrophils

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20
Q

Which cell can live for long periods - Neutrophils or Monocytes

A

Monocytes

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21
Q

Which cell does monocyte become in the tissues

A

Macrophages

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22
Q

Is the macrophage response longer or shorter

A

Longer

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23
Q

What does the neutrophils rely on to mount a rapid, transient response

A

Cytoskeletal rearrangements and enzyme assembly

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24
Q

What does the macrophages rely on to mount a response

A

New gene transcription

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25
Q

Origin of Neutrophils

A

HSCs in bone marrow

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26
Q

Origin of Macrophages

A

HSCs in bone marrow in inflammatory reactions

Many tisssue resident macrophages stem cells in yolk sac or fetal liver

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27
Q

Life span in tissues of Neutrophils

A

1 -2 days

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28
Q

Life span of tissues in Macrophages

A

Inflammatory macrophages - days or weeks

Tissue resident macrophages - years

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29
Q

Neutrophils response to activating stimuli

A

Rapid, short lived enzymatic activativity

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30
Q

Macrophage response to activating stimuli

A

More prolonged, slower, often dependent on new gene transcription

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31
Q

Phagocytosis by Neutrophils

A

Rapidly induced by assembly of phagocyte oxidase

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32
Q

Phagocytosis by Macrophages

A

Less prominent

33
Q

Nitric oxide in Neutrophils

A

Low levels or none

34
Q

Nitric oxide levels in Macrophages

A

Induced following transcriptional activation of iNOS

35
Q

Degranulation by Neutrophils

A

Major response; induced by cytoskeletal rearrangement

36
Q

Degranulation in Macrophages

A

Not prominent

37
Q

Cytokine production by Neutrophils

A

Low levels per cells

38
Q

Cytokine production by Macrophages

A

Major functional activity, large amounts per cell requires transcriptional activation of cytokine genes

39
Q

NET formation by Neutrophils Neutrophil Extracellular Traps

A

Rapidly induced by extrusion of nuclear contents

40
Q

NET formation by Macrophage

41
Q

Secretion of lysosomal enzymes by Neutrophils

42
Q

Secretion of lysosomal enzymes by Macrophages

43
Q

Alternative name for Neutrophils

A

Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes (PMNs)

44
Q

Name the two types of membrane bound granules that can be found in the PMNs/Neutrophils

A 
Specific granules (majority - lysozymes, collagenase and elastase - do not stain acidic or basic)
Azurophilic granules contains enzymes and microbicidal substances (defensins and cathelicidins)
45
Q

What substances stimulates the production of Neutrophils

A

G-CSF - granulocyte colony stimulating factor

GM-CSF - granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor

46
Q

Major function of neutrophils

A

Phagocytose microbes especially opsonized microbes and products of necrotic cells and destroy these in phagolysosomes

47
Q

What are the consequences of neutrophils producing granule contents andantimicrobial substances

A
  1. Kill extracellular microbes

2. Damage healthy tissues

48
Q

In adults what drives the monocyte- macrophage lineage in the bone marrow

A

Cytokine called monocyte/macophage colony stimulating factor M-CSF

49
Q

What is the most common form of monocyte

A

Inflamatory monocytes

50
Q

What do inflammatory monocytes produce

A

Inflammatory mediators

51
Q

What is the function that inflammatory monocytes do

A

Phagocytic

52
Q

What CDs are present that identify inflammatory monocytes

A

High cell surface expression of CD14 - lack of expression of CD16 and the expression of chemokine receptor CCR2

53
Q

What is the second type of circulating monocyte -

A

Nonclassical monocyte

54
Q

When are inflammatory monocytes recruited

A

When there is an infection

55
Q

When are nonclassical monocytes recruited

A

After infection or injury

56
Q

Name the CDs present on Nonclassical Monocytes

A

Low levels of CD14, high levels of CD16 and expression of chemokine receptor CX3CR1

57
Q

Aside from ingesting microbes, give another function that macrophages fulfil

A

Ingesting necrotic host cells, including cells that die in tissues because of the effects of toxins, trauma or interrupted blood supply

58
Q

Why is it a good thing that macrophages recognize and engulf apoptotic cells?

A

So that the dead cells can be cleaned up before they can release their contents and induce an inflammatory response

59
Q

How do macrophages enhance and amplify the protective response against microbes?

A

They are activated by microbial substances, they secrete several different cytokines that act on endothelial cells lining blood vessels to enhance recruitment of more monocytes and other leukocytes from the blood into sites of infection

60
Q

Give another function of macrophages

A

Serve as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) displaying fragments of protein antigens to activate T lymphocytes (important in effector phase of T cell mediated immune response)

61
Q

ANOTHER function of macrophages

A

Promote repair of damaged tissues by stimulating new blood vessel growth and synthesis of collagen rich extracellular matrix WHICH IS MEDIATED BY CYTOKINE SECRETION

62
Q

When are macrophages also activated

A

When other plasma membrane receptors bind osponins on the surface of microbes. Oposinins are substances that coat particles and tag them for phagocytosis

63
Q

Give an example of opsonin receptors

A

Complement receptors that attached to microbial surfaces and IgG FC receptors which bind to one of the IgG antibody molecule

64
Q

What are the two types of macrophages

65
Q

What is the function of M1 macrophages?

A

Killing microbes through classical activation

66
Q

What is the function of M2 macrophages

A

Promote tissue remodelling and repair through alternative activation

67
Q

What influences the functional capabilities of macrophages

A

Through exposure to different cytokines made by subsets of T-cells

68
Q

Where are mast cells derived from

A

Bone marrow

69
Q

Where are mast cells found

A

In skin and mucosal epithelia

70
Q

What do they release

A

Potent inflammatory mediators that defend against parasite infections or cause symptoms of allergic disease such as histamine and acidic proteoglycans

71
Q

Which cytokine is essential for mast cell development

A

c-Kit lligand

72
Q

What does the acidic proteoglycans found in mast cells bind to and what colour does it turn

A

Basic dyes and blue

73
Q

What other things can Mast cells produce depending on the stimuli

74
Q

What is the action of histamine on the body

A

Change the blood vessels and cause inflammation

75
Q

What type of antibody are mast cells coated in

76
Q

How are mast cells activated

A

When antigens bind with the IgE antibodies found on surface of mast cells

77
Q

Mast cells - innate or adaptive

78
Q

Give me ANOTHER function of mast cells and briefly how it occurs

A

Mast cells are also activated when they recognize microbial products

Immunology (1 decks)

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