Chapter 2

Question 1

Psychoanalytic theory suggests that behavior is largely determined by…

Answer 1

irrational forces, unconscious motivations, and biological, or instinctual, drives.

Question 2

Psychoanalytic treatment is highly individualized and seeks to

Answer 2

show how early childhood experiences have impacted the formative aspects of our personality development.

Question 3

Freud’s five psychosexual stages

Answer 3

1. oral stage
2. anal stage
3. phallic stage
4. the latency stage
5. the genital stage

Question 4

Freud’s oral stage, primary conflict

Answer 4

the weaning process; infant must become less dependent on caretakers. If fixation occurs, individuals might have issues with dependency on aggression later in life, and may experience emphasis on oral stimulation, such as drinking, eating, smoking, or nail biting.

Question 5

Freud’s anal stage, primary conflict

Answer 5

toilet training (leads to accomplishment and independence).

Question 6

Anal-expulsive personality (related to anal stage)

Answer 6

when parents are too lenient; individuals might be messy, wasteful, or destructive

Question 7

Anal-retentive personality (related to anal stage)

Answer 7

when parents are too strict; individual is stringent, orderly, rigid, and obsessive

Question 8

The phallic stage, primary conflict(s)

Answer 8

Oedipus complex (boys see fathers as rivals for their mothers’ affections). Electra complex (penis envy)

Question 9

The latency stage

Answer 9

is the time in which the id, the ego, and the superego develop the foundation for the adult’s instinctual drives and behavioral responses.

Question 10

The genital stage

Answer 10

strong sexual desires, an interest in the welfare of others. If the other stages have been positively experienced, the individual is well balanced, warm, and caring.

Question 11

Erikson’s 8 stages of psychosocial human development

Answer 11

1. Infancy: trust versus mistrust
2. Early childhood: autonomy versus shame and doubt
3. Preschool age: initiative versus guilt
4. School age: industry versus inferiority (6 to puberty)
5. Adolescence: identity versus role confusion
6. Young adulthood: intimacy versus isolation
7. Middle age: generativity versus stagnation
8. later life: integrity versus despair
   (9. very old age: hope and faith versus despair)

Question 12

Object relations psychology

Answer 12

focuses on the theory of how the child views or internalizes the early mother-child relationship and how these views affect individuals as they become adults. Object relations theorists are interested in how people separate from their mothers via a process termed individuation.

Question 13

Donald Winnicott’s concepts…

Answer 13

transitional object, the good-enough mother, and the true self/false self = were influential in the development of understanding how early attachment to the mother impacts later life

Question 14

Winnicott’s idea of the “true self”

Answer 14

precipitates an ability to be spontaneous and real and make the distinction between himself and his mother

Question 15

Behaviorism emphasizes

Answer 15

observable behaviors that could be tracked and used as the basis for understanding and changing behavior as counseling and therapy progressed.

Question 16

Pavlov’s principles of classical conditioning

Answer 16

unconditioned stimuli (loud bell) paired with conditioned stimuli (white rate) lead to a conditioned response (startle), Watson trained a child named Albert (age 11 months) to fear a white rat, white cotton, and even Watson's white hair. 
HUMAN EMOTIONS CAN BE LEARNED AND MODIFIED

Question 17

What theorist/study illustrates that human emotions can be learned and modified? What genre of counseling theory does this fall?

Answer 17

Pavlov’s principles of classical conditioning; Behavioral theories

Question 18

Beck’s objection to Freud’s theory

Answer 18

Beck believed people can be aware of their own internal thoughts and be responsible for them.

Question 19

Cognitive theory and therapy stress…

Answer 19

the importance and impact of belief systems and thinking on impacting and understanding the development of a person’s behavior and emotions.

Question 20

The major cognitive distortions that Beck identified

Answer 20

arbitrary inferences; selective abstraction; overgeneralization; magnification/minimization; personalization; labeling/mislabeling; dichotomous thinking

Question 21

Ellis’s rational emotive behavior therapy

Answer 21

emotions stem mainly from beliefs and that human beings are born with potential for both rational and irrational thinking. Irrational beliefs stem from what we learn from significant others during childhood and can be recreated throughout the lifespan through repetition of early indoctrinated irrational beliefs. An individuals beliefs precipitate emotions and subsequent behaviors; rational beliefs precipitate appropriate emotions and functional behavior; and irrational beliefs precipitate inappropriate emotions and dysfunctional behavior.

Question 22

Two concepts central to Ellis’s theory were

Answer 22

hedonism - seeking pleasure and avoiding pain (maintaining pleasure over the long term and avoiding pain)
humanism - human beings are holistic and goal directed and are important just because they are alive; unconditional self-acceptance was essential to happiness and the realization that, although certain behaviors may have been less than ideal, these behaviors should not be viewed as the basis for questioning their worth or essence.