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Psych 111 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the Scientific Method?

A

Systematic approach to organizing the collection of data and drawing conclusions from a research study

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2
Q

What is an Empirical Study?

A

Research studies that gain information by carefully collecting observations or data

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3
Q

What is Psychological Science?

A

Study of human behavior to understand people

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4
Q

What is a Theory?

A

Overarching conceptualization about how variables may cause behavior

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5
Q

What are the steps to the Scientific Method in Psych?

A
  1. Form a testable hypothesis 2. Select the research method and design the study 3. Collect the Data 4. Analyze the data and draw conclusions 5. Report the Findings
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6
Q

What is a participant?

A

Individual who agrees to take part in a study

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7
Q

What is a journal?

A

Publication containing articles written by scientists that are reviewed before publication by a group of peers

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8
Q

What is a between subjects design?

A

Different groups studied each time (different people at 9 PM, 1030PM, 12PM)

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9
Q

What is a within subjects design?

A

Asking the same group of people every aspect of a study (Same People 9 PM, 1030PM, 12PM)

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10
Q

What is Reactivity?

A

Unintentionally altering a persons behavior because of the attempt to measure it

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11
Q

What makes a study Replicable?

A

Results from a research study that appear the same when the study is repeated

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12
Q

What is Reliability?

A

The consistency of the results when similar studies are performed

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13
Q

What is Validity?

A

The degree to which a research experiment captures what it claims to study.

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14
Q

What is Generalizability?

A

How well a studies findings can be applied to other people

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15
Q

What is Meta analysis?

A

Study that examines the results of many earlier studies on a topic and compares their findings to draw conclusions

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16
Q

What is a comparative study?

A

Research project that compares human and animal behavior

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17
Q

What is a naturalistic observation?

A

Watching humans in real world settings (Sitting in car watching how someone reacts to a setup)

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18
Q

What is a case study?

A

Examination of individual or group because of rare occurence

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19
Q

What is internet mediated research?

A

Using internet to collect data from remote participants

20
Q

What is a survey?

A

Study method in which individuals are asked to respond to a set of questions designed by an experimenter

21
Q

What is a population?

A

The group of individuals a study is drawing conclusions about

22
Q

What is a sample?

A

Subgroup of individuals within a population, that can try to represent a larger population

23
Q

What is a sampling Bias?

A

The selection of individuals from within a population that fails to represent the larger group

24
Q

What is a convenience sample?

A

Participants readily available for a study

25
Q

What is random sampling?

A

Selecting random members of a population through systematic methods that gives each individual an equal chance

26
Q

What is the correlation coefficient?

A

An index called “r” of which ranges from +1 to -1

27
Q

What is correlation?

A

Measure of the degree to which different factors are associated with one another.

28
Q

What is positive correlation?

A

Higher scores go with higher scores

29
Q

What is negative correlation?

A

Higher scores, lower scores on other side

30
Q

What is an Experiment?

A

Method by which one or more independent factors is manipulated by an experimenter, and results are measured through a dependent variable

31
Q

What is random assignment?

A

Assigning participants to receive a given treatment or control condition by chance so each individual has an equal chance of appearing in a given group

32
Q

What do simple Psychology studies include?

A

Experimental group (receives treatment or experience) and Control Group (receives no extra treatment or experience)

33
Q

What is interaction between Variables?

A

The effect of one IV on the DV depends on another IV

34
Q

What is a confounding variable?

A

An alternative factor that might account for observed differences in the DV

35
Q

What is a confounding variable?

A

An alternative factor that might account for observed differences in the DV

36
Q

What is Experimenter Bias?

A

Inaccuracy of measurements due to the researchers expectations

37
Q

What is Social desirability Bias?

A

Participants may alter their responses if they view them as negative

38
Q

What is the Placebo effect?

A

Participants belief that he or she is receiving treatment that can produce changes in behavior

39
Q

What is an Operational Definition?

A

The concrete implementation of a psychological concept within a study

40
Q

What is a Longitudinal Study?

A

Following a person through development by studying him or her at different ages with different people in the age groups

41
Q

What is a Cross Sectional study?

A

Comparing people at different ages with different people in the age groups

42
Q

What is cohort effect?

A

A difference between age groups that may be due to differences in their experiments in addition to age

43
Q

Design an Experiment to test the hypothesis that men earn higher salaries than women. Include: IV, DV, Operational Def of DV, Randomization, Sampling, Population, True Experiment

A

Gender, Salary, Average Salary in past 3 months, None, Select 100 men and 100 women from same company, Employed adults, No (cannot assign people at random)

44
Q

What are the 3 Belmont Report rights of participants in research?

A
  1. Respect for persons: Protect those who cannot make autonomous decisions (give adequate info about experiemnt)
  2. Beneficence: Treat people ethically (do no harm, maximize benefits, minimize harm)
  3. Justice: forbids exploitation of vulnerable people (for instance, economically disadvantaged or those with limited cognitive capacity) or those who are easily manipulated as a result of their situation
45
Q

What is Deception?

A

Providing information to the participate that is untrue

46
Q

What is debriefing?

A

Any deception used by researchers is fully disclosed to participants at the end of the study

Psych 111 (4 decks)

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