Chapter 2 Flashcards by Stacy Clements

What is a drug?

Any chemical that effects the physiologic processes of a living organism

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What is pharmacology?

Study or science of drugs

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What are the 5 pharmacologic principles?

Pharmaceutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacognosy

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What are the 3 drug names?

Chemical
Generic (nonproprietary name)
Trade (proprietary name)

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What is the Chemical name?

Drug’s chemical composition and molecular structure

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What is the Generic name?

Name given by the United States Adopted Name Council

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What is the Trade name?

The drug has a registered trademark; use of the name is restricted by the drug’s patent owner (usually the manufacture)
AKA Brand name

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What is Pharmaceutic?

The study of how various drug forms influence pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic activities.
(designates when ingested)

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What is Pharmacokinetics?

The study of what the body does to the drug

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What does the body do to a drug?

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
(ADME)

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What is Pharmacognosy?

The study of natural (plant and animal) drug source

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What is Pharmacodynamics?

The study of what the drug does to the body

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What does the drug do to the body?

The mechanism of drug actions in living tissues

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What are the fastest absorbed oral preparations?

Liquids, elixirs, and syrups

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What are the slowest absorbed oral preparations?

Enteric-coated tablets

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What is Pharmacotherapeutics?

The use of drugs and the clinical indications for drugs to prevent and treat diseases.

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What is the Pharmacokinetics absorption?

The rate at which a drug leaves its site of administration and the extent to which absorption occurs.
Bioavailability
Bioequivalency

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What is Bioavailability?

The % of administered dose of unchanged drug that reaches systemic circulation.

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What is Bioequivalency?

2 different formulations may have comparable bioavailability.

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What are the factors the affect absorption?

Food and fluids administered with the drug
dosage formulation
status of the absorptive surface
rate of blood flow to the small intestine
acidity of the stomach
status of the GI tract

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Absorption characteristics vary according to the dose ________ and _______

form and route

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A drugs route of administration affects the ____ and _____ of absorption of that drug

rate and extent

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What are the 3 routes of administration of a drug?

Enteral (GI tract)
Parenteral (injections)
Topical (dermal, inhalers)

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What is an enteral route?

The drug is absorbed into the systemic circulation through the oral or gastric mucosa or the small intestine

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What are the enteral routes?

Oral Sublingual - Fast Buccal - Fast Rectal

What is the first-pass effect?

The metabolism of a drug and its passage from the liver into the circulation

A drug given via the oral route may be extensively metabolized by the liver before reaching the systemic circulation. This is called?

First-pass effect

The same drug given IV will bypass the liver, prevent ____________ from taking place and more drug reaches the circulation.

First-pass effect

What are the parenteral routes?

``` Intravenous (fast delivery into the blood circulation) Intramuscular Subcutaneous Intradermal Intraarterial Intrathecal Intraarticular Transdermal also can be consider parenteral ```

What are the topical routes?

``` Skin Eyes Ears Nose Lungs Rectum Vagina ```

What is distribution?

The transport of a drug in the body by the bloodstream to its site of action.

What are the distribution?

Protein-binding Water soluble vs fat soluble Blood-brain barrier Area of rapid distribution: heart, liver, kidneys, brain Area of slow distribution: muscle, skin, fat

Biologic transformation of a drug into:

An inactive metabolite A more soluble compound A more potent metabolite

Factors the decrease metabolism

``` Cardiovascular dysfuntion Renal insufficiency Starvation Obstructive jaundice Slow acetylator Erythromycin or ketoconazole drug therapy ```

Factors that increase metabolism

Fast acetylator Barbiturate therapy (enzyme inducer) Rifampin therapy

Delaying drug metabolism causes:

Accumulation of drug | Prolonged action of the drug - drug toxicity

Stimulation drug metabolism causes:

Diminished pharmacologic effects

What is excretion?

The elimination of drugs from the body

What are the excretion?

Kidneys (main) Liver Bowel - biliary excretion & enterophepatic recirculation

What is a half-life?

The time it takes for one half of the original amount of the drug to be removed from the body

Most drugs are considered to be effectively removed after about _____ half lives

five

What is steady state?

The amount of drug removed via elimination equal to the amount of drug absorbed

What is onset?

The time it takes for the drug to elicit a therapeutic response

What is peak?

The time it takes for the drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response

What is duration?

The time a drug concentration is sufficient to elicit a therapeutic response.

During peak level the blood is at its _______

highest level

During trough level (nadir) the blood is at its ________

lowest level

What is an agonist?

A chemical that binds to some receptor of a cell and triggers a response by that cell.

What is a partial agonist?

Drugs that bind to and activate a given receptor, but have only partial efficacy at the receptor relative to a full agonist.

What is an antiagonist?

A type of receptor ligand or drug that does not provoke a biological response itself upon binding to a receptor, but blocks or dampens agonist-mediated responses.

What are the pharmacodynamics mechanism of action (MOA)

Receptor interaction Enzyme interaction Nonselective interaction

Types do therapies in pharmacotherapeutics:

Acute therapy - short term Maintenance therapy - chronically Supplemental/replacement therapy - insulin, iron Palliative therapy - comfort care Supportive therapy - fluids/electrolytes Prophylactic therapy - prevent illness Empiric therapy - medication due to signs & symptoms

What is contraindications?

Any characteristic of the patient, especially a disease state, that makes the use of a given medication dangerous for the patient.

Therapeutic index

Ratio o a drug's toxic level to the level that provides therapeutic benefits

Tolerance

Decreasing response to repeated drug doses

Dependence

Physiologic or psychological need for a drug

What is physiologic?

Physical need for the drug

What is psychological?

Addiction

Interactions may occur with other _____ or ______

drugs or food

A drug interaction is the alteration of a drug's action by:

Other prescribed drugs OCT medications Herbal therapies

Drug interactions:

``` Additive Synergistic Potentiation Antagonistic Incompatibility ```

Pharmacognosy 4 main sources for drugs:

Plants Animals Minerals Laboratory synthesis

What is the study of the physiochemical properties of drugs and how they influence the body called?

Pharmacodynamics

Pharmacokinetics involves the study of

distribution rates among various body compartments

How can drugs exert their action on the body?

By interacting with receptors By inhibiting the action of a specific enzyme By altering metabolic chemical processes

What is an alternate name for biotransformation of a drug?

Metabolism

A drug given by which route is altered by the first-pass effect?

Oral

Drug half-life is defined as the amount of time required for 50% of a drug to

Be eliminated by the body

Which action will increase the absorption of a medication administered intramuscularly?

Massaging the site after injection

Highly protein-bound drugs

increase the risk of drug-drug interactions.

To achieve the most rapid onset of action, by which route will the health care provider administer the medication?

Intravenously

Patients with renal failure would most likely have problems with drug

excretion

What is the ratio between a drug’s therapeutic effects and toxic effects called?

Therapeutic index

Which factors will affect the absorption of orally administered medications?

Presence of food in the stomach pH of the stomach Form of drug preparation Time of day

When a patient asks the nurse why a lower dose of intravenous pain medication is being given than the previous oral dose, what knowledge will the nurse draw on for her response?

Medications given intravenously are not affected by the first-pass effect.

Chapter 2 Flashcards

(75 cards)