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Organic: Alkenes, Alkynes, Aromatics > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

A

They contain carbon-carbon multiple bonds.

They are unsaturated because more hydrogen atoms can be added if the multiple bonds are removed.

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2
Q

Alkenes: contain one or more _____ bonds

A

Double

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3
Q

Alkynes: contain one or more ______ bonds.

A

Triple

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4
Q

Aromatics: Contain ____ _____ bonds….

A

Contain 3 double bonds alternating with three single bonds in a six-carbon ring (benzene ring).

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5
Q

Aromatics have 3 double bonds and 3 single bonds forming a 6-carbon ring called…

A

benzene ring

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6
Q

Benzene is an …

A

aromatic

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7
Q

Acetylene is an…

A

Alkyne

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8
Q

Ethylene is an…

A

Alkene

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9
Q

Alkenes with ONE double bond have a general formula of…

A

CnH2n

Same as cycloalkanes

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10
Q

How many structural isomers have the formula C4H8?

A

3

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11
Q

What causes the number of structural isomers to increase rapidly?

A

An increase in the number of carbons

Not only branching variations but also double bond position

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12
Q

Name the steps of Alkene Nomenclature

A

Step 1: Name the parent chain (contains C=C bond)
Step 2: Number longest chain so double bond gets lowest # possible
Step 3: Locate C=C bond wish lowest numbered carbon
Step 4: Locate and name attached groups
Step 5: Combine all the names

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13
Q

Naming alkenes with double bonds follows the same rules as alkanes, except…

A

It uses different -ene endings to represent the 3 # of double bonds

EX) 2 double bonds= diene
3 double bonds= triene
4 double bonds= tetraene

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14
Q

When naming alkenes, be sure to indicate the location off all the ____ bonds, including those with rings.

A

multiple

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15
Q

In C=C bonds, what is formed by the carbon atoms?

A

sp² hybrid orbital

with one electron left in a 2p orbital

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16
Q

In alkenes, one 2s and two 2p orbitals mix to form…

A

the sp² hybrid

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17
Q

two of the 2p orbitals mix with the single 2s orbital to produce three sp² hybrid orgitals in a process called

A

Hybridization

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18
Q

In hybridization, one 2p orbital is….

A

Not hybridized and remains unchanged

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19
Q

What geometry do most alkenes have?

A

trigonal planar (with C=C double bond)

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20
Q

Is geometric isomerism possible in alkenes? Why?

A

Yes, because there is no free rotation about the C=C bond.

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21
Q

Decribe cis- isomers in alkenes

A

isomers have two similar or identical groups on the same side of the double bond

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22
Q

Describe trans- isomers in alkenes

A

isomers have two similar or identical groups on opposite sides of the double bond

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23
Q

Cis- Trans isomerism is important to biological processes like…

A

VISION

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24
Q

How are cis and trans isomerism important to vision?

A

Light strikes the retina, a cis double bond in the compound retinal is coonverted into a trans double bond, adjusting the eye to different lights.

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25
Q

Physical properties of Alkenes

A

No electronegative elements, Nonpolar, weak intermolecular forces, Soluble in nonpolar solvents, insoluble in water, less dense than water, unpleasant odor (gasoline like)

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26
Q

In alkenes, how many Carbons are gasses, liquids, and solids

A

1-4 carbons are gasses
5-17 carbons are liquids
18 or more carbons are solids

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27
Q

Contrast alkanes and alkenes

A
  • Alkanes have only single bonds (saturated hydrocarbo) and alkenes have one or more C=C double bonds.
  • Alkanes have a lower melting point, Alkenes have a higher melting point
  • alkenes have unpleasant odor, alkanes are odorless
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28
Q

Compare Alkanes and Alkenes

A
  • Both are nonpolar
  • Both are insoluble in water
  • Both are less dense than water
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29
Q

What makes alkenes chemically reactive?

A

The double bond

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30
Q

In halogenation, what is added and what is produced

A

In halogenation, a DIATOMIC HALOGEN is added

Halogenation (addition) reactions produce HALOALKANES

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31
Q

What is another name for haloalkanes

A

alkylhalides

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32
Q

In Hydrogenation ______ is added.

A

Hydrogen

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33
Q

Hydrogenation (addition) reactions can occur in the presence of what catalysts

A

Pt, Pd, Ni

34
Q

What an example of hydrogenation in food

A

Hydrogenate vegetable oil to increase shelf life

can also make low-melting point solids (margarine and shortening)

35
Q

What happens in Hydrohalogenation?

A

In hydrohalogenation an acidic halogen compound is added to produce haloalkanes

36
Q

What are the acidic hydrogen halides in hydrohalogenation?

A

HF, HCl, HBr, HI

37
Q

What alkene addition reactions follow markovnikov’s rule?

A

all UNSYMMETRICAL alkene addition reactions

38
Q

What does markovnikov’s rule state?

A

It states that when a molecule of H-X adds to an alkene, the H predominantly attaches to the Carbon already bonded to the hydrogens

(THE RICH GET RICHER)

39
Q

What phrase is used to describe markovnikov’s rule?

A

“The rich get richer”

40
Q

When using markovnikov’s rule, you must state both _____ and ______ products.

A

Major and minor

41
Q

Describe Hydration

A

In hydration, water (H-OH) is added to form an alcohol.
Follows Markovnikov’s rule
Requires acid catalyst.

42
Q

Define Addition Reaction Mechanism

A

(hydration of alkenes)

The complete step-by-step descriptioon of exactly which bonds break and which bonds form in what order

43
Q

What happens to the acid catalyst in reaction mechanism

A

it gives up a H+ ion which is attracted to the electrons of the C-C double bond

44
Q

What is a carbocation

A

The carbocation is when the second carbon is left with only three bonds, giving it a positive charge.

45
Q

reaction mechanism:
-In hydration, the oxygen atom has….

-One pair of oxygen electrons forms a covalent bond with…

A

1) two unshared electron pairs

2) the positive carbocation

46
Q

What is an addition polymer?

A

a polymer formed by the linking together of many alkene molecules through addition reactions

47
Q

What is polymerization?

A

when hudreds or thousands of alkenes can be added to each other to form long chained alkanes

48
Q

Why is it impossible to give an exact formula for a polymer

A

because of different sizes

common names are used instead

49
Q

Define both polymers and monomers

A

Polymers: very large molecules made up of repeating units

Monomer: the starting material that becomes the repeating units of a polymer

50
Q

everyday examples of polymers

A

plexiglas and teflon

51
Q

What is a copolymer

A

an addition polymer formed by the reaction of two different monomers

52
Q

common polymers are…

A

polyethylene, polypropylene, poly vinyl chloride (PVC), polytetrafluorethylene (Teflon), Plexiglas, polyvinyl acetate, polyacryloaitrile, polystyrene (Styrofoam)

53
Q

Alkynes (with triple bond) have a general formula of…

A

CnH2n-2

54
Q

Are there a lot of alkynes found in nature?

A

No, there are only a few carbon-carbon triple bonds found in nature

55
Q

What is the simplest and most important alkyne

A

ethyne (aka acetylene)

56
Q

What is the alkyne ethyne/acetylene commonly used for

A

fuel for torches and making plastics

57
Q

H-C(triple bond)C-H

A

acetylene

58
Q

Steps of alkyne nomenclature

A

1) Name parent chain that contains triple bond
2) number chain so triple bond gets lowest number
3) locate and name all attached groups
4) combine all names

59
Q

In alkynes, one 2s and one 2p orbitals mix to form the…

A

sp hybrid

60
Q

A carbon- carbon sigma bond forms by the…

A

overlap of one sp hybrid orbital of each carbon

61
Q

Physical properties of alkynes

A
  • no electronegative elements
  • nonpolar/ weak intermolecular forces
  • insoluble in water
  • soluble in nonpolar solvents
  • less dense
  • Low melting and boiling point
62
Q

Chemical properties of alkynes

A
  • halogenation, hydrogenation, hydrohalogenation, hydration
  • react by addition reaction with Br2, H2, HCl, H2O
  • two steps: first addition turns the alkyne into an alkene, the second addition turns the alkene into an alkane
  • require twice as many moles of addition reagent as alkenes in reactions that go on to completion
63
Q

How were aromatics found

A

Organic chemists found that fragrant oils extracted from certain plants had similar chemical properties. These cpds were aromatics because of their aroma

64
Q

aromatics have a _____ ring of one of its …

A

benzene

Structural relatives

65
Q

What general formula do aromatics have

A

C6H6

66
Q

What are aliphatic compounds

A

Compounds that do not contain the benzene structure (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes)

67
Q

What german chemist suggested the double bonds alternate positions between carbon atoms to give two equivalent structures

A

Freidrich Kekule

68
Q

Who was Freidrich Kekule

A

german chemist who suggested the double bonds alternate positions between carbon atoms to give two equivalent structures

69
Q

What does delocalized mean?

A

Spread out

70
Q

When a single hydrogen attached to the benzene ring is replaced, the compound can be named as a….

A

derivative of benzene

71
Q

(in aromatics) When the benzene ring is part of a more complex hydrocarbon, the benzene ring is referred to as a…

A

Phenyl group

72
Q

What is a phenyl group

A

when the benzene ring is part of a more complex hydrocarbon (in aromatics)

73
Q

When two groups are attached to the benzene ring, there positions can be designated by the prefixes:

A
  • ortho (o) meaning the groups are next to eachother
  • meta (m) meaning the groups are seperated by on carbon
  • para (p) meaning the groups are opposite of eachother
74
Q

Physical properties of aromatic compounds

A
  • no electronegative elements
  • nonpolar/ weak IF
  • Insoluble in water (hydrophobic)
  • Soluble in nonpolar solvents
75
Q

What does hydrophobic mean

A

Insoluble in water

76
Q

Chemical properties of aromatic compounds

A
  • aromatic rings are relatively stable chemically and often remain intact during reactions
  • benzene does not react like alkenes and alkynes
  • benzene does undergo subsitiution reactions, in which a ring hydrogen is replaced by some other groups (not important)
77
Q

Polycyclic aromatic compounds contain…

A

two or more fused benzene rings

78
Q

Describe polycyclic aromatic compounds

A
  • benzene rings share common side
  • simplest polycicylic aromatic is naphthalene (active ingredient in mothballs)
  • often known to be carcinogeninc, so often in tobacco smoke
79
Q

What is the simplest polycyclic aromatic

A

Naphthalene (active ingredient in mothballs)

80
Q

What does carciogenic mean

A

Cancer causing

this is why polycyclic aromatics are often found in tobacco smoke

81
Q

Aromatics are used in commerical materials, industry, and living things. List examples

A

Commercial materials: Drugs and dyes
Industry: solvents
Living things: Vitamins and aa

Organic: Alkenes, Alkynes, Aromatics (1 decks)

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