Chapter 2

Question 1

Physical Development

Answer 1

The body’s physical makeup, including the brain, nervous system, muscles, and senses.
Has a need for food, drink, and sleep.

Question 2

Cognitive Development

Answer 2

Involves the ways that growth and change in intellectual capabilities influence a person’s behavior.
Learning, memory, problem solving skills, and intelligence across the lifespan.

Question 3

Personality Development

Answer 3

Involves the ways that the enduring characteristics that differentiate one person from another change over the life span.

Interactions with others, social relationships, individual qualities.

Question 4

Social Development

Answer 4

Involves the way in which an individual’s interactions and social relationships grow, change, and remain stable over the course of life.
Ex: people becoming more isolated in adulthood

Question 5

Trait inheritance

Answer 5

Begins with conception

Ovum and sperm each have 23 chromosomes

Question 6

Ovum

Answer 6

Egg. Cell with Nucleus containing 23 chromosomes. From mom

Question 7

Sperm

Answer 7

23 chromosomes. From dad

Male gamete

Question 8

Zygote

Answer 8

Fertilized ovum with 23 pairs of chromosomes. 22 matched pairs plus sex chromosomes in 23rd pair. Male karyotype with XY, female karyotype with XX

Question 9

Epigenesis

Answer 9

Process by which factors outside hereditary material influence how hereditary material functions.

These factors are environmental. Includes factors in the cell, in adjacent cells and tissues, and factors outside the cell itself like heat, light, and even social interaction. Gene/environment coaction: always acting together and influencing each other.

Question 10

Gene Regulation

Answer 10

aka Gene Expression. The promotion or inhibition of gene transcription.
The heart of coaction.

Question 11

Transcription

Answer 11

Strand of DNA becomes template for (messenger ribonucleic acid) mRNA. Transcription factors (chemicals) bind with portions of DNA to begin mRNA production. Epigenetic changes affect gene transcription

This series of biochemical events ultimately accounts for genetic expression or influence

Question 12

Translation

Answer 12

Cell reads mRNA, produces protoprotein

Question 13

Bi-directional processes

Answer 13

Cell’s chemical makeup directs activity of genes, and genes affect chemical makeup of the cell

Question 14

Methylation

Answer 14

An epigenetic change that makes the expression of a gene less likely, involves the addition of a methyl group to dna
Methylation and deacetylation reduce gene transcription

Question 15

Demethylation

Answer 15

An epigenetic change that makes the expression of a gene more likely
Demethylation and acetylation increase transcription

Question 16

Typical Development

Answer 16

Continuous progress from single fertilized cell to differentiated organism.
Period of zygote, 2 weeks, from fertilization to implantation
Embryo: 3rd-8th weeks, formation of organ systems and structures
Fetus: 9th week to birth. Reproductive system forms, brain and nervous system continue to develop.
Depends on the genome to code for the products that the body needs to grow and function normally, and depends on the environment to provide a normal range of inputs, from nutrients to social interactions.

Question 17

Neurons

Answer 17

Building blocks of brain. Specialized for the transmission of electrical impulses.
Rapid neuron reproduction continues in first year. Some neurons reproduce even in adulthood, most do not.

Question 18

Axons

Answer 18

Long extension from neuron, transmits impulses

Question 19

Dendrites

Answer 19

Short extensions that grow out of cell body, receive impulses/transmissions from other neurons

Question 20

Neurotransmitters

Answer 20

Chemical substances found in the nervous system that communicate messages between neurons when released
Carry message to next cell

Question 21

Stress

Answer 21

Body’s adaptation response to demands/challenges. Good stress, tolerable stress, toxic stress. Extreme chronic stress creates allostatic overload. Has potential to alter physical and psychological functions. Stress response becomes less efficient. Stress causes inflammation to persist, increases risk of cardiovascular disease, T2D, can alter brain development in fetus.

Question 22

SNS

Answer 22

Sympathetic Nervous System. Releases important chemicals such as epinephrine (adrenaline) that send a burst of energy to those organs necessary for fight or flight while diverting energy from less necessary systems (growth, digestion, reproduction)

Question 23

PNS

Answer 23

Parasympathetic Nervous System. Returns systems to normal once the threat has passed. Counteracts the SNS’s effects.