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CHM 115 Blechle > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Who came up with the atomic theory and who did he say “taught” him? (maybe made him up to avert blame)

A

Democritus

Leucippus

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2
Q

What is the law of conservation of mass?

A

1789
Antoine Lavoisier

before and after are different combination but nothing has changed

mass before = mass after

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3
Q

What is the law of definite composition?

A

1806
Joseph Proust

the ratio of things (elements) when broken down are always the same

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4
Q

What is the law of multiple proportions?

A

1808
John Dalton

You can’t have halves or fraction ratios so there is something that cannot be broken down further

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5
Q

What is Dalton’s Atomic Theory?

A
  1. All matter consists of atoms: indivisible particles that cannot be created nor destroyed
  2. Atoms of one element CANNOT be converted into atoms of another
  3. Atoms of one element are identical in mass and properties that are different from atoms of other elements
  4. Compounds result from a combination of a specific ratio of atoms from different elements
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6
Q

What were two experiments to try to figure out where static electricity comes from and the relationship between matter and charge?

A

Cathode Ray Experiment

Gold Foil Experiment

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7
Q

What was the cathode ray experiment?

A

1897
JJ Thompson

plum pudding model

  • sphere with positive charge
  • electrons in it
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8
Q

What was the gold foil experiment?

A

1909
Ernest Rutherford
(Hans Geiger, Ernest Marsden)

believed nucleus was entirely positively charges

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9
Q

What does todays atomic theory say?

A

Atoms = small and fast (cloud)

electron: e-
protons: p+
neutrons: n0

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10
Q

unit for atomic mass

A

u = amu = da

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11
Q

symbol for atomic number

A

Z

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12
Q

symbol for mass number

A

A

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13
Q

Whats the superscript on the right?

A

charge

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14
Q

Whats the superscript on the left?

A

mass number

atomic mass if a group

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15
Q

Whats the subscript on the left?

A

atomic number

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16
Q

what does no charge mean?

A

protons = electrons

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17
Q

How do you find the number of neutrons?

A

mass number - atomic number

A - Z

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18
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

of protons

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19
Q

What is the mass number?

A

of protons + # of nuetrons

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20
Q

What are isotopes of an element?

A

Atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

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21
Q

Are chemical properties the same in isotopes?

A

yes, even tho they have different atomic mass

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22
Q

symbol for atomic mass

A

M

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23
Q

What is atomic mass?

A

average mass for all isotopes

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24
Q

Finding atomic mass=

A

M= (mass of isotope #1)(abundance as decimal) + (mass of isotope #2)(abundance as decimal) +…..

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25
Q

1 u =

A

1.66054x10^-24

(1/12) ^12C

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26
Q

Atomic mass unit

A

u

Da - dalton, amu

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27
Q

fathers of the periodic table?

A

Dmitri mendeleev

Julius lothar meyer

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28
Q

Horizontal rows?

A

periods

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29
Q

Vertical rows?

A

groups

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30
Q

Name the groups…

G 1
G 2
G 17 (7a)
G 18 (8A)

other groups

A

Alkali metals
Alkali earth metals
halogens
noble gases

referred to by the name of the first element in the group

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31
Q

What are most of the elements in the periodic table?

A

metals

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32
Q

Properties of metals

A

metallic luster - shine or reflect light

malleable - can be hammered or rolled into thin sheets

ductile - can be drawn into wire

hardness - resistance to change

conduct heat and electricity

33
Q

Phases of metals?

A

solids at room temp (25 degrees c)

melting point > 25 degrees c

34
Q

What is the lowest and highest melting point for a metal?

A

lowest:
Hg
Mercury
mp = -39 degrees c

highest:
W
Tungsten
mp = 3400 degrees c

35
Q

Chemical reactivity of metals?

A

varies greatly

  • Au, Pt very unreactive
    Gold, Platinum
  • Na, K very reactive
    Sodium, Potassium
36
Q

How many elements are nonmetals?

Where on periodic table/

A

17 elements

upper right corner

37
Q

What do nonmetals mostly consist of?

A

more molecules and not single atoms

38
Q

What state are most, some, and one of the nonmetals?

A

gases
solid
one liquid

39
Q

What is the one liquid nonmetal?

What category does it also fall into?

A

Br2

diatomic

40
Q

What are the types of nonmetal gases and what do they exist as ?

A

monoatomic (noble)
- dont exist as molecule

diatomic
- only exist as molecule

41
Q

what are the monoatomic nonmetal gases?

A

noble gases

42
Q

what are the diatomic nonmetal gases?

A 
H2
N2
O2
F2
Cl2
43
Q

what are the solid nonmetals?

A 
C (infinity)
P 4
S 8
Se 8
I 2
44
Q

What are three forms of carbon?

A

graphite
coal
diamond

45
Q

Properties of nonmetals

A

brittle - pulverized when struck

insulators - nonconductor of heat and electricity

46
Q

Chemical reactivity of nonmetals?

A

some inert
- noble gases

some reactive

  • F2 (most reactive)
  • O2
  • H2
47
Q

What do nonmetals react with and what bonds do they form?

A

metals

ionic compounds

48
Q

How many elements are metalloids?

Where on periodic table/

A

8 elements

diagonal line between metals and nonmetals

49
Q

Which elements are the metalloids?

A 
B
Si
Ge
As
Sb
Te
Po
At
50
Q

Properties of metalloids?

A

metallic shine

brittle

semi conductors

  • conduct electricity but not as well as metals
  • Silicon (Si) and Germanium (Ge)
51
Q

What are the types of bonding?

How are they bonded?

A

ionic bonds
electron transfer
metal and nonmetal

covalent bonds
electron sharing
nonmetals

metallic bonds
electron pooling (happy to go where it is best)
metals

52
Q

What is a cation?

A

+ charged ion
formed from metals
atoms lose e-

53
Q

What is an anion?

A
  • charged ion
    formed from nonmetals
    atoms gain e-
54
Q

Coulombs Law…

def
equation

explain

A

opposites attract

E (alpha/proportional) : [(q1)(q2)] / r

E = potential energy
q = charge
r = distance

> distance
denominator grows

55
Q

What do parenthesis mean?

A

there are multiple of that thing

56
Q

what is the dots used in?

A

hydrates

57
Q

What are square brackets used for?

Where are they used usually?

A

repeating units as a whole thing

polymers

58
Q

A unit of atoms that stay together as a charged unit?

A

polyatomic atoms

59
Q

Two types of chemical formula?

A

molecular formula

empirical formula

60
Q

What formula notates the entirety of the chemical composition?

A

molecular formula

61
Q

What formula is a simplified formula that provides relative ratio of elements?

A

empirical formula

62
Q

Rules for writing ionic formulas

A
  1. cation given first in the formula
  2. subscripts formula must produce electrically neutral formula unit
  3. subscripts lowest whole number
  4. charges on ions not included in finished formula
63
Q

How do u list ionic names?

A

anion goes second

cation name, anion with suffix -ide

64
Q

How do you name ionic bonds with transition metals?

A

element (roman numeral), anion suffix -ide

65
Q

Naming Polyatomic Oxyanions (series of 2)

A

less O = suffix - ite

more O = suffix - ate

66
Q

Naming Polyatomic Oxyanions (series of 4)

A

less O = prefix -hypo / suffix -ite
More O = suffix -ite
Even More O = suffix -ate
more O = prefix -hypo / suffix -ate

67
Q

How to name hydrates

A

name ionic compound + (prefix)hydrate

68
Q

prefixes for hydrates

A 
1 = mono
2 = di
3 = tri
4 = tetra
5 = penta
6 = hexa
7 = hepta
8 = octa
9 = nona
10 = deca
69
Q

Covalent = what elements?

A

2 nonmetals

70
Q

What element come first when naming covalent bonds?

A

lower group #
and then, highest period (bottom of periodic table)

Halogen+Oxygen = Halogen first

71
Q

Steps to name Covalent bonds?

A

keep root
add prefix for # of atoms (first and second element)
add the suffix -ide

don’t add mono to first element ever

72
Q

Organic chemistry

inorganic chemistry

A 
Ochem = carbon-containing molecules
Inochem = metal-containing molecules
73
Q

Units of covalently bonded atoms that appear in various molecules giving them a specific function?

A

functional groups

74
Q

what do structural formulas show?

chemical bonds represented by?

A

how many atoms are attached

lines

75
Q

Ball and stick model
Spheres =
Sticks =

A 
Spheres = atoms
Sticks = bonds
76
Q

What model is most accurate in shape and shows relative size of atom?

A

space filling molecule

77
Q

How do chemists draw 3D?

A

single line = line in plane
dotted line = line going away
bolded wedge line = line coming towards you

78
Q

Study the pic of molecule colors and sizes…

A

HELP IMA FAIL!!!

CHM 115 Blechle (8 decks)

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