Chapter 2

Question 1

The cell is the smallest structural and functional unit capable of carrying
out life processes.
o The functional activities of each cell depend on the specific structural
properties of the cell.
o Cells are the living building blocks of all plant and animal organisms.
o An organism’s structure and function ultimately depend on the individual
and collective structural characteristics and functional capabilities of its
cells.
o All new cells and new life arise only from preexisting cells.
o Because of this continuity of life, the cells of all organisms are
fundamentally similar in structure and function

Answer 1

Cell theory

Question 2

is a fluid, lipid bilayer that encloses each cell

Answer 2

Plasma membrane

Question 3

The fluid inside the

cell

Answer 3

ICF

Question 4

fluid surrounding the cell is

Answer 4

ECF

Question 5

Made up of two components

Answer 5

plasma, the fluid portion of the blood; and

interstitial fluid, which surrounds and bathes the cells

Question 6

typically the largest organized cell component. Can be seen as a distinct
spherical or oval structure, usually located near the center of the cell

Answer 6

Nucleus

Question 7

Separated the nucleus from the cytoplasm

Answer 7

Nuclear Envelope

Question 8

allow necessary traffic to move between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

Answer 8

Nuclear Pores

Question 9

the cell’s genetic material. Has two important functions:
(1) directing protein synthesis and (2) serving as a genetic “blueprint” during cell
replication.

Answer 9

DNA

Question 10

provides codes, or “instructions,” for directing synthesis of specific
structural and enzymatic proteins within the cell

Answer 10

DNA

Question 11

plays a role in cell protein synthesis

Answer 11

RNA

Question 12

molecule that transcribes DNA’s genetic code for a particular
protein

Answer 12

Mrna

Question 13

an essential component of ribosomes

Answer 13

rRNA

Question 14

transfers the appropriate amino acids within the cytoplasm to
their designated site in the protein under construction

Answer 14

tRNA

Question 15

Definecytoplasm,anddescribeitscompositionandfunctions

Answer 15

cytoplasm is everything inside the plasma membrane, excluding the nucleus. It
includes the cytosol, organelles, and the cytoskeleton. The cytosol is a semi-fluid medium
in which many biochemical events occur. In the cytosol, water holds carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins, and many inorganic molecules in solution or as colloids. The
cytoskeleton is a protein network consisting of microfilaments, intermediate filaments,
and microtubules (or protein filaments). These give shape, structure, and support to the
cell, and are also involved in cell movement, organelle dynamics, and the positioning of
chromosomes during cell division.

Question 16

that portion of the cell interior not occupied by the nucleus.

Answer 16

Cytoplasm

Question 17

Contains a number of distinct, highly organized, membrane-enclosed structures –
the organelles(“little organs”) – dispersed within the cytosol, which is a complex
gel-like liquid

Answer 17

Cytoplasm

Question 18

made up of a semiliquid, gel-like mass laced with an elaborate
protein network known as the cytoskeleton

Answer 18

Cytosol

Question 19

is a continuous, membranous organelle with many
channels. The Golgi complex consists of several stacked, compressed membranous sacs,
which package secretory vesicles for release by exocytosis

Answer 19

ER

Question 20

is a series of flattened pouches that are

continuous with the nuclear membrane.

Answer 20

Rough ER

Question 21

It is the site of synthesis of proteins and lipids

destined for the cell membrane and secretion

Answer 21

Rough ER

Question 22

has many
functions, including the storage, detoxification, and packaging of proteins from the rough
ER.

Answer 22

Smooth ER

Question 23

Explain the role of the Golgi complex in the process of exocytosis.

Answer 23

The stacked membranes of the Golgi complex receive raw protein from the ER and
modify it into its final form

Question 24

are about 200 times as large as transport vesicles

Answer 24

Secretory Vesicles

Question 25

Release of the contents of a secretory vesicle by means of exocytosis constitutes
the process of

Answer 25

secretion

Question 26

• Forms In Golgi Complex
• Contain powerful hydrolytic enzymes that function in the digestion of intra-cellular material, damaged or useless parts of the cell.

Answer 26

Lysosomes

Question 27

During endocytosis, materials
(solid or fluid) are transported into the cell in a vesicle formed from the plasma
membrane. These endocytotic vesicles may fuse with ___if their contents require
digestion

Answer 27

Lysosomes

Question 28

are smaller than lysosomes,
and they contain oxidative enzymes that remove hydrogen atoms from toxic cellular
wastes

Answer 28

Peroxisomes

Question 29

Contains several powerful oxidative enzymes and contain most of the cell’s catalase

Answer 29

Peroxisomes

Question 30

an antioxidant enzyme that decomposes potent H2O2 into harmless H2O and
O2

Answer 30

Catalase

Question 31

selective process
whereby large molecules can be taken up by the cells, following the binding of specific
molecules to specialized receptor sites.

Answer 31

Phagocytosis