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Biology 12 Unit 1 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

inorganic

A

non-living molecules that do not contain carbon-hydrogen bonds, such as salt (NaCl)

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2
Q

polar molecule or polarity

A

has positive and negative ends because of unequal sharing of electrons. H20 is polar and with it’s O atoms having a partial negative charge and it’s H atoms having a partial positive charge.

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3
Q

hydrogen bond

A

weak bond that arises between a slightly positive hydrogen atom of one molecule and a slightly negative atom of another molecule or between parts of the same molecule

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4
Q

cohesion

A

cohesion is the mutual attraction between like molecules that causes them to stick together.

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5
Q

universal solvent

A

a liquid that dissolves many substances

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6
Q

hydrophilic

A

water-loving molecules that are polar in nature

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7
Q

hydrophobic

A

water-hating molecules that are non-polar

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8
Q

temperature regulator

A

resisting change in temperature to stay balanced and within required range; keeps temperatures constant; is slow to heat or cool

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9
Q

lubricant

A

an oily or slippery substance to diminish friction between two surfaces; a substance that aids in movement

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10
Q

pH

A

measure of the the amount of free hydrogen ions (H+) in a system

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11
Q

acid

A

molecules that have a pH level less than 7, dissociate in water, and release hydrogen ions (H+)

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12
Q

base

A

molecules that either release hydroxide ions (OH-) or take up hydrogen ions (H+); bases have a pH greater than 7

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13
Q

buffer

A

a compound or combination of compounds (often a weak acid or base and a related salt) that keeps the pH of a solution within its normal limits

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14
Q

hemoglobin

A

a blood buffer that picks up or releases hydrogen ions

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15
Q

organic

A

always contain carbon and hydrogen and often oxygen. Derived from living organisms.

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16
Q

biomolecule

A

a molecule that is produced by a living organism, each has a base form called a monomer

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17
Q

carbohydrates

A

made primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1; the empirical or simplest formula for any carbohydrate is (CH2O)

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18
Q

cellulose

A

a polysaccharide that makes cell walls hard enough to permit non-woody plants to stand upright if they receive adequate water

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19
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

a common process that joins monomers to build polymers; an -OH group (hydroxyl group) and an -H group (hydrogen atom) are removed as the reaction proceeds; as the monomers join, a water molecule is produced

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20
Q

disaccharides

A

(di, two; saccharide, sugar) composed of double sugars; dehydration synthesis is the process that joins two monosaccharides to form a disaccharide

21
Q

hydrolysis

A

the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water

22
Q

maltose

A

two glucose molecules joined together; a disaccharide

23
Q

monomer

A

simple organic molecules that exist individually or link with other monomers to form a polymer

24
Q

monosaccharides

A

molecules such as glucose and fructose, which are single sugars; each has a similar chemical formula of C6H12O6

25
Q

polymer

A

a macromolecule created by the dehydration reaction of monomers

26
Q

lipids

A

Include steroids, such as the sex hormones and cholesterol, which serve very important functions in the body; fats and oils, which act as energy storage molecules in organisms, are also lipids; lipids are unable to dissolve in water because they are neutral (non-polar)

27
Q

neutral fats

A

Another term for triglycerides (fats and oils) but the neutral means the molecule is non-polar or neutral

28
Q

phospholipids

A

Phospholipids are constructed similar to neutral fats (triglycerides), except a phosphate group takes the place of one of the fatty acids; the main constituent of the plasma membrane; hydrophilic (water-loving) heads of the molecule face the outsides and insides of the cell; hydrophobic (water-fearing) tails face each other in the inner part of the membrane

29
Q

saturated fatty acids

A

Solid at room temperature (e.g., lard and butter); they have the maximum number of hydrogens on the fatty acid chains

30
Q

unsaturated fatty acids

A

Liquids at room temperature (e.g., olive and peanut oils); these molecules have double bonds between any two carbon atoms that have less than two hydrogens attached to them

31
Q

steroids

A

Has a backbone of four fused carbon rings, each one differing primarily by the functional group attached to it, and by the arrangements if the rings; hormones such as estrogen, aldosterone, and testosterone are steroids

32
Q

triglycerides

A

Triglycerides are made of one glycerol and three fatty acid molecules; the fatty acids are long chains of carbon atoms with hydrogen atoms attached, and end with the acidic group COOH

33
Q

polysaccharides starch

A

Polysaccharides are long chain molecules that contain many glucose subunits

34
Q

proteins

A

Polymers with amino acid monomers; include all antibodies, enzymes, most hormones, and much of structural support in the tissues of our bodies; structure consists of polymers made from the twenty different amino acids found in cells

35
Q

amino acids

A

Has a central carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom and three groups that include an amino group (–NH2), an acidic group (–COOH), and an R group, so named because it is the remainder of the molecule

36
Q

enzyme

A

A biological catalyst that speeds up the chemical reactions that occur in the body; does this by lowering the activation energy required for each chemical reaction

37
Q

hormones

A

A chemical messenger that travels through the body and influences cell functions, such as metabolism, growth and development, and homeostasis

38
Q

peptide bond

A

(C-N) covalent bonds that join two amino acids

39
Q

primary protein (include structure description)

A

A linear sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds (C-N) that formed by dehydration synthesis

40
Q

secondary protein (include structure description)

A

Looks like a primary protein coiled into a slinky

41
Q

tertiary protein (include structure description)

A

A three-dimensional structure created by a secondary protein that has folded back upon itself

42
Q

quaternary protein (include structure description)

A

Made of two or more tertiary proteins joined together

43
Q

plasma proteins

A

The liquid portion of the blood; mainly consists of water; 7% to 8% of plasma consists of proteins

44
Q

nucleic acids

A

There are two types of nucleic acids; DNA and RNA; both are polymers of nucleotides

45
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

Thought to look like a twister ladder; deoxyribonucleic acid has a double helix structure and codes for the order in which amino acids join to form a protein; sugars and phosphates form a linear sugar-phosphate-sugar backbone, and the bases project from the sides of the backbone; adenine (A) will always bond with thymine (T), and guanine (G) will always bond with cytosine (C)

46
Q

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A

Ribonucleic acid that conveys DNA’s instructions for the amino acid sequence in a protein

47
Q

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

(ATP) high-energy molecules used by the cell to synthesize macromolecules, such as carbohydrates and proteins

48
Q

nucleotide

A

Composed of three main parts: a phosphate group (phosphoric acid), a pentose sugar (DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose and RNA contains the sugar ribose), and a nitrogen-containing base

49
Q

double helix

A

Describes the appearance of a DNA molecule

Biology 12 Unit 1 (3 decks)

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