Chapter 2 Flashcards
Nervous system
one of the primary organ systems in the body. billions of cells that communicates with one another in a network within a body.
Central nervous system (CNS)
spinal cord and brain
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
nerves that connect the spinal cord and brain to the rest of the human body
Sensory function
the ability of the nervous system to notice changes in the external and internal environment
Integrative function
the ability that the nervous system has to interpret and analyze sensory information
Motor function
the neuromuscular response to sensory information
Proprioception
the cumulative sensory input to the CNS from all of the various mechanoreceptors that can sense limb movement and body position. improves coordination, posture, and balance
Neuron
the functional unit of the nervous system
3 parts of a neuron
cell body, axon, and dendrite
Sensory neuron (afferent)
type of nerve cell that conducts impulses to the CNS from a sense organ
Interneurons
send nerve impulses between one another
Motor neuron (efferent)
type of nerve cell that sends impulses to glands, muscles and other effectors
Mechanoreceptors
respond to pressure inside of tissues and transmit signals through sensory nerves
Muscle spindles
sensory receptors that sit parallel to muscle fibers. help to regulate the contraction of muscles by way of the stretch flex mechanism
Golgi tendon organ
receptor can sense the change in muscular tension and the rate that the tension changes
Joint receptors
located around the joint capsule. respond to acceleration, deceleration, and pressure at the joint. sense extreme joint positions and send signals in order to prevent injuries
Skeletal system
body’s framework that is comprised of joints and bones. provides the focus and shapes for bodies. creates blood for the human body and stores minerals.
Bones
provide protection for vital organs and a resting place for muscles
Joints
junctions for muscles, bones and connective tissues where movement occurs
Axial skeleton
area of the skeletal system that contains the rib cage, skull, and vertebral column. 80 bones
Appendicular skeleton
area of the skeletal system that contains of the lower and upper extremities. of the 206 bones in the skeletal system, this comprises 126 bones
Remodeling
process of formation and resorption of bone
Osteoclasts
cells that help remove bone tissue
Osteoblasts
cells that help create new bone tissue
Epiphysis
located at the end of long bones and a place that contains a large portion of red marrow involved in the production of red blood cells
Diaphysis
the long portion of the bone that is considered the shaft
Epiphyseal plate
area of the long bone that connects the epiphysis to the diaphysis
Periosteum
the dense and fibrous outer layer where muscles attach and a more delicate layer inside that can create bone
Medullary cavity
location where bone marrow is stored and where blood cell formation happens. small cavity located in the shaft
Articular cartilage (hyaline)
inelastic, flexible yet firm type of connective tissue that is located at the end of bones at the joint
Depressions
flat areas of a bone
Processes
parts of the bone where ligaments in muscle attach
Vertebral column
made up of 24 bones that create the spinal column. there are 5 lumbar 12 thoracic and 7 cervical bones
Arthrokinematics
description of joint surfaces when bones are put through a range of motion
Synovial joints
joined bones that have a fibrous joint capsule. produce synovial fluid, similar to egg whites, to protect the joints. approx 80% joints in the body
Non-synovial joints
joints that are non-movable and exclude the joint cartilage, capsule, and ligaments. mostly found in the distal joint of the fibula and tibia as well as the skull
Ligaments
connect bones to other bones and help joint support
Muscular system
the full collection of all the muscles in the human body
Epimysium
layer of muscular connective tissue on the outside
Perimysium
muscular connective tissue in the middle that encompasses the muscle fascicle
Endomysium
the deepest layer of the muscular connective tissue that covers muscle fibers
Tendons
connect skeletal muscles to the bone with a band of white, inelastic, dense and tough band of tissue
Sarcomere
function unit of muscle that produces contractions. comprised of actin and myosin. the repeating section of a muscle
Neural activation
process of nervous system activation of a muscle fiber by means of the neuromuscular junction
Motor unit
the motor neuron as well as all of the muscle fiber that it innervates
Neurotransmitters
small chemical messengers that are able to cross the neuromuscular synapse (junction) in order to transmit these and electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle
Type I (slow twitch)
endurance fibers. smaller, produce less power, receive more oxygen and are more mitochondrial dense
Type II (fast twitch)
do not have as much endurance. have less oxygen delivery, have short-term contractions, can produce more force and power, are larger
Excitation-contraction coupling
nervous system stimulates a muscle in the body to contract. Sliding filament theory
Agonist
prime mover
Synergist
assists an helps the prime mover
Stabilizer
helps with stabilizing the joints and the body during movement
Antagonist
relax in order to permit the prime mover to do its work
Endocrine system
system of glands that secretes hormones into the bloodstream
Muscle spindles
sensory receptors within the muscle that run parallel to the muscle fibers. sensitive to changes in muscle length and rates of length change
