Chapter 2

Question 1

Long-Axis Plane

Answer 1

parallel to the long axis of the left ventricle, imaginary line through the LV apex (tip of LV) and center of LV base (valve annulus region), intersecting the center of the AV

Question 2

Short-Axis Plane

Answer 2

perpendicular to the long axis view, resulting in circular cross sectional view of the LV

Question 3

Four-Chamber Plane

Answer 3

perpendicular to short axis views, image plane from the apex to the base intersecting both ventricles and atria

Question 4

Two-Chamber Plane

Answer 4

rotation from the four chamber provides an image plane that intersects the LV, MV, and LA

Question 5

Four Acoustic Windows

Answer 5

1. Parasternal
2. Apical
3. Subcostal
4. Suprasternal Notch

Question 6

Transducer Motions

Answer 6

1. Move: move the transducer to a different position
2. Tilt: tip the transducer with a rocking motion to image different structures in the same tomographic plane
3. Angle: angle the transducer in any direction to obtain a different tomographic plane
4. Rotate: rotate the image plane at a single position to obtain intersection tomographic planes

Question 7

ASE

Answer 7

American Society Echocardiography

Question 8

4 Things Prior to the Examination

Answer 8

1. relevant clinical data, prior imaging studies, indication for the study are reviewed
2. blood pressure, age, height, and weight are recorded
3. patient is positioned comfortably in Left Lateral Decubitus position (or supine)
4. Single lead EKG (usually lead II)

Question 9

4 Things that affect Technical Quality

Answer 9

1. increased distance from heart (adipose)
2. decrease penetration (scar tissue)
3. interpose air (lung, chronic lung disease, recent cardiac surgery)
4. utilize patient positioning (structures towards chest wall) and respiration (suspend breathing where images improve)

Question 10

Fractional Shortening

Answer 10

FS= (LVDD-LVSD)/LVDD X 100

Last available norm: >25%

Question 11

Ejection Fraction

Answer 11

EF= (EDV-ESV)/EDV X 100
Men: > or equal to 52
Female: > or equal to 54

Question 12

Proximal RVOT 2D Linear Measurement ASE Norms

Answer 12

Male: < or equal to 3.5 cm
Female: < or equal to 3.5 cm

Question 13

LA 2D Linear Measurement ASE Norms

Answer 13

Male: < or equal to 4 cm or 2.3 cm/m2
Female: < or equal to 3.8 or 2.3 cm/m2

Question 14

Aortic Annulus 2D Linear Measurement ASE Norms

Answer 14

Male: < or equal to 3.2 cm or 1.5 cm/m2
Female: < or equal to 2.7 cm or 1.5 cm/m2

Question 15

Sinus of Valsalva 2D Linear Measurement ASE Norms

Answer 15

Male: < or equal to 4.0 cm or 2.1 cm/m2
Female: < or equal to 3.6 cm or 2.2 cm/m2

Question 16

ST Junction 2D Linear Measurement ASE Norms

Answer 16

Male: < or equal to 3.5 cm or 1.9 cm/m2
Female: < or equal to 3.1 cm or 1.9 cm/m2

Question 17

Proximal Ascending Aorta 2D Linear Measurement ASE Norms

Answer 17

Male: < or equal to 3.8 cm or 1.9 cm/m2
Female: < or equal to 3.5 cm or 2.2 cm/m2

Question 18

Proximal RVOT 2D Linear Measurement ASE Norms

Answer 18

Male: < or equal to 3.5 cm
Female: < or equal to 3.5 cm

Question 19

Distal RVOT 2D Linear Measurement ASE Norms

Answer 19

Male: < or equal to 2.7 cm
Female: < or equal to 2.7 cm

Question 20

RA Major 2D Linear Measurement ASE Norms

Answer 20

Male: < or equal to 5.3 cm or 3.0 cm/m2
Female: < or equal to 5.3 cm or 3.1 cm/m2

Question 21

RA Minor 2D Linear Measurement ASE Norms

Answer 21

Male: < or equal to 2.5 cm
Female: < or equal to 2.5 cm

Question 22

RV Basal Diameter 2D Linear Measurement ASE Norms

Answer 22

Male: < or equal to 4.1 cm
Female: < or equal to 4.1 cm

Question 23

RV Mid Diameter 2D Linear Measurement ASE Norms

Answer 23

Male: < or equal to 3.5 cm
Female: < or equal to 3.5 cm

Question 24

RV Longitudinal Diameter 2D Linear Measurement ASE Norms

Answer 24

Male: < or equal to 8.3 cm
Female: < or equal to 8.3 cm

Question 25

RV Free Wall Thickness 2D Linear Measurement ASE Norms

Answer 25

Male: < or equal to 0.5 cm
Female: < or equal to 0.5 cm

Question 26

IVC 2D Linear Measurement ASE Norms

Answer 26

Male: < or equal to 2.1 cm
Female: < or equal to 2.1 cm