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Soci 201 - Introduction to Sociology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

absolute poverty

A

poverty calculated in absolute material terms. to exist in absolute poverty is to be without sufficient nutritious food, clean and safe shelter, access to education, etc.

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2
Q

anomie

A

term for a societal state of breakdown or confusion, or a more personal one based on an individual’s lack of connection or contact with society

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3
Q

average

A

a statistical figure determined by adding up the numbers for a given phenomenon and dividing the sum by the number of individuals in the statistical population

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4
Q

best practices

A

strategies with a demonstrated history of achieving desired results more effectively or more consistently than similar methods used either in the past by a particular organization or other organization in the same industry

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5
Q

case study approach

A

a research design that explores a social entity or phenomenon by examining a single representative case or a few selected examples

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6
Q

causation

A

the relationship between cause and effect

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7
Q

content analysis

A

a study of a set of cultural artifacts or events by systematically counting them and interpreting the themes they reflect

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8
Q

correlation

A

a mutual relationship or interdependence among variables

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9
Q

cultural artifact

A

an item produced for mass cultural consumption, with value to a researcher engaged in content analysis. cultural artifacts can include books, articles, websites, advertisements, and other items created to be seen but not specifically studied

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10
Q

dependent variable

A

a variable that is assumed to be affected by an independent variable

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11
Q

direct correlation

A

a relationship between two variables in which an increase (or decrease) in one causes the same change in the other

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12
Q

discourse analysis

A

an approach to analyzing a conversation, a speech, or a written text. the scope of discourse analysis has broadened recently to encompass entire academic disciplines, such as sociology and political philosophy

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13
Q

disjuncture

A

a gap between knowledges produced from two or more different perspectives

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14
Q

ethics

A

the honourable moral principles that govern sociological research, including respect for the privacy and the rights and concerns of the research subjects

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15
Q

experiential

A

based on or acquired through one’s own experience

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16
Q

fact

A

something that has been observed, and that as far as can be proven is believed to be true

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17
Q

genealogy

A

a form of discourse analysis that involves tracing the origin and history of modern discourses (eg. the importance of light skin in South Asian cultures)

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18
Q

hypothesis

A

a statement that is testable and that proposes a specific relationship between or among variables

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19
Q

independent variable

A

a variable that is believed to have some effect on another variable

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20
Q

informant

A

a person knowledgeable in their own culture who provides their views of the culture to an outside researcher

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21
Q

informed consent

A

the process whereby fully informed research subjects indicate their understanding and acceptance of the research conditions and formally agree to be studied

22
Q

insider perspective

A

the viewpoint(s) of those who experience the subject being studied or written about

23
Q

institutional ethnography

A

a form of ethnography that challenges the need for a neutral stance in sociological research, claiming instead that any institution or organization can be seen as having two sides: one representing the ruling interests of the organization, one representing the interests of those working for the organization

24
Q

inverse correlation

A

a relationship between two variables in which an increase in one variable causes a decrease in the other

25
Q

low income job cut-off

A

a measure of poverty derived by calculating the percentage of a family’s income spent on food, clothing, and shelter

26
Q

Market Basket Measure

A

an estimate of the cost of a specific basket of goods and services for a given year, assuming that all items in the basket were entirely provided for out of the spending of the household. having an income lower than the MBM is considered low-income

27
Q

mean

A

a statistical figure usually calculated in the same way as the average, but for some purposes determined by taking the sum of the highest and lowest figures only and dividing the two

28
Q

median

A

the number in the middle in the set of data

29
Q

narratives

A

stories that reflect the lives and views of the tellers

30
Q

negative correlation

A

same thing as inverse correlation

31
Q

operational defintion

A

the definition of an abstract quality (eg. poverty) in such a way that it can be counted for statistical purposes

32
Q

Orientalism

A

a romanticized discourse about the Middle East and the Far East constructed by outsider “experts” from the West

33
Q

outsider perspective

A

the viewpoint(s) of those outside of the group or culture being studied

34
Q

participant observation

A

a form of research in sociology and anthropology that entails both observing people as an outsider would and actively participating in the various activities of the studied people’s lives

35
Q

positive correlation

A

same thing as direct correlation

36
Q

positivism

A

the belief that every rational assertion can be verified for scientific proof

37
Q

poverty

A

a state of doing or being without what are considered essentials

38
Q

poverty line

A

the arbitrary dividing point, usually based on household income, that separates the poor from the rest of society

39
Q

qualitative research

A

the close examination of characteristics that cannot be counted or measured

40
Q

quantitative research

A

the close examination of social elements that can be counted or measured, and therefore used to generate statistics

41
Q

relative poverty

A

a state of poverty based on comparison with others in the immediate area or country

42
Q

research methodology

A

the system of methods a researcher uses to gather data on a particular question

43
Q

ruling interests

A

the interests of an organization, particularly its administration, or the interests of those who are dominant in society, particularly when these trump the interests of the individual

44
Q

ruling relations

A

the conformity of workers to the rules and practices of the organization they work for; ruling relations are activated when the workers fulfill the organization’s ruling interest

45
Q

semi-structured interview

A

an informal, face-to-face interview designed to cover specific topics without the rigid structure of a questionnaire but with ore structures than an open interview

46
Q

spurious reasoning

A

the perception of a correlation between two factors that are wrongly seen as cause and effect

47
Q

statistics

A

a science that, in sociology, involves the use of numbers to map social behaviour and beliefs

48
Q

theory

A

an attempt to explain something that has been observed

49
Q

third variable

A

a variable that explains the connection or correlation between two other variables

50
Q

triangulation

A

the use of at least three narratives, theoretical perspectives, or investigators to examine the same phenomenon

51
Q

variable

A

a factor or element that is likely to vary or change according to circumstances governing it

52
Q

voice

A

the expression of a viewpoint that comes from occupying certain social location

Soci 201 - Introduction to Sociology (2 decks)

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