Chapter 2 Flashcards
The History of Juvenile Justice & Origins of the Juvenile Court
Groups who form an allegiance for a common purpose and engage in unlawful or criminal activity; any group gathered together on a continuing basis to engage in or commit antisocial behavior
Gangs
Authority based on court decrees and judgments that recognize, affirm and enforce certain usages and customs of the people; laws determined by judges in accordance with their rulings.
Common Law
Early English counties
Shires
Chief law enforcement officer of English counties, known as shires.
Reeve
Civil servants who acted on behalf of the King of England during the Middle Ages; chancellors held court and settled property disputes, trespass cases, and minor property offenses as well as acts of thievery, vagrancy, and public drunkenness.
Chancellors
Courts of equity rooted in early English Common Law where civil disputes and matters involving children may be resolved.
Chancery Courts, Courts of Equity
Sanction used to punish offenders by barring them for a specified number of miles from settlements or towns; often a capital punishment, since those banished could not obtain food or water to survive the isolation.
Banishment
Early British practice of sending undesirables, misfits, and convicted offenders to remote territories and islands controlled by England.
Transportation
Early penal facilities designed to use prison labor for profit by private interests; operated in shires in mid-16th century and later.
Workhouses
Sixteenth-century London jail (sometimes gaol) established in 1557; known for providing cheap labor to business and mercantile interests; jailers and sheriffs profited from prisoner exploitation.
Bridewell Workhouse
Sixteenth-century London jail (sometimes gaol) established in 1557; known for providing cheap labor to business and mercantile interests; jailers and sheriffs profited from prisoner exploitation.
Bridewell Workhouse
Voluntary slave pattern in which persons entered into a contract with merchants or businessmen, usually for seven years of service, wherein merchants would pay for their voyage to the American colonies.
Indentured Servant System/Indentured Servant
Voluntary slave pattern in which persons entered into a contract with merchants or businessmen, usually for seven years of service, wherein merchants would pay for their voyage to the American colonies.
Indentured Servant System/Indentured Servant
Custodial institution established in Rome in 1704; provided for unruly youth and others; youth were assigned tasks, including semiskilled and skilled labor.
Hospital of Saint Michael
Organized effort during the early 1800s to provide assistance, including food and shelter, to wayward youth.
Child Savers Movement/Child Savers
Established in New York City in 1825 by the Society for the Prevention of Pauperism; managed largely status offenders, with compulsory education provided.
New York House of Refuge
Juvenile institutions, the first of which was established in 1825 as a means of separating juveniles from the adult correctional process.
Houses of Refuge
Juvenile institutions, the first of which was established in 1825 as a means of separating juveniles from the adult correctional process.
Houses of Refuge
Established Hull House in Chicago in 1889; assisted wayward and homeless youth.
Jane Addams
The Illinois legislature established the first juvenile court on __________.
July 1, 1899
Passed by Illinois legislature in 1899; established the first juvenile court among the states; also known as the Illinois Juvenile Court Act.
Act to Regulate the Treatment and Control of Dependent, Neglected, and Delinquent Children
Informal court mechanisms originating in Massachusetts to deal with children charged with crimes apart from the system of criminal courts for adults.
Children’s Tribunals/Civil Tribunals
An 1899 Colorado law targeting truant youth; erroneously regarded as first juvenile court Act, which was actually passed in Illinois in 1899, and dealt with delinquent conduct.
Compulsory School Act
Term created by Ferdinand Tonnies, a social theorist, to describe small, traditional communities where informal punishments were used to punish those who violated community laws.
Gemeinschaft
Term created by Ferdinand Tonnies, a social theorist, to describe more formalized, larger communities and cities that relied on written documents and laws to regulate social conduct.
Gesellschaft
Exploitative businesses and industries that employed child labor and demanded long work hours for low pay.
Sweat Shops
The traditional orientation of juvenile justice, rehabilitation and individualized treatment, has been supplanted by the goal of efficient offender processing
Actuarial Justice
Official source of crime information published annually by the Federal Bureau of Investigation; accepts information from reporting law enforcement agencies about criminal arrests; classifies crimes according toe various index criteria; tabulates information about offender age, gender, race, and other attributes
Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)
Specific felonies used by the FBI in the Uniform Crime Reports to chart crime trends; there are eight index offenses (aggravated assault, larceny, burglary, vehicular theft, arson, robbery, forcible rape, and murder)
Index Offenses
Crimes punishable by confinement in prison for a term of one or more years; major crimes; any index offense.
Felonies
Crime punishable by confinement in city or county jail for a period of less than one year; a lesser offense
Misdemeanor
Statistic that presents the total number of crimes per 100,000 population
Crime Rate
Published in cooperation with the US Bureau of the Census; a random survey of 90,000 households, including 160,000 persons 12 years of age or older; measures crime committed against specific victims interviewed and not necessarily report to law enforcement officers.
National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)
Basic measure of the occurrence of a crime; a specific criminal act affecting a specific victim.
Victimization
Specific criminal act involving one crime and one or more victims
Incident
Term used by the FBI in the Uniform Crime Report (UCR) to indicate that someone has been arrested for a reported crime; does not necessarily mean that the crime has been solved or that the actual criminals who committed the crime have been apprehended or convicted.
Cleared by Arrest
Compendium of national statistical information and databases about juvenile delinquency
National Juvenile Court Data Archive
Compendium of statistical information about juvenile and adult offenders; court facts, statistics, and trends; probation and parole figures; and considerable additional information; published annually by the Hindelang Criminal Justice Research Center at the University of Albany, SUNY; funded by grants from the US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics
The Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics
A survey of youth (or adults) based upon disclosures these persons might make about the types of offenses they have committed and how frequently they have committed them; considered to be more accurate than official estimates.
Self-Report/Self-Report Information
Infractions reported by surveys of high school youth; considered to be “hidden” because it most often is undetected by police officers; disclosed delinquency through self-report surveys
Hidden Delinquency
Study of large numbers of youth annually or at other intervals to assess extent of delinquency among high school students
National Youth Survey
Study of 3,000 high school students annually by the Institute for Social Research at the University of Michigan; attempts to discover hidden delinquency not ordinarily disclosed by published public reports.
Monitoring the Future Survey
Any juvenile considered to be more susceptible to the influence of gangs and delinquent peers; characterized as those who have learning disabilities, greater immaturity, lower socioeconomic status, and parental dysfunction and are otherwise disadvantaged by their socioeconomic and environmental circumstances.
At-risk Youth
Moving as a juvenile offender to committing progressively more serious offenses; committing new, violent offenses after adjudications for property offenses would be _______ _______.
Career Escalation
Developmental sequences over the course of adolescence that are associated with serious, chronic, and violent offenders.
Pathways
