Chapter 2

Question 1

Groups who form an allegiance for a common purpose and engage in unlawful or criminal activity; any group gathered together on a continuing basis to engage in or commit antisocial behavior

Answer 1

Gangs

Question 2

Authority based on court decrees and judgments that recognize, affirm and enforce certain usages and customs of the people; laws determined by judges in accordance with their rulings.

Answer 2

Common Law

Question 3

Early English counties

Answer 3

Shires

Question 4

Chief law enforcement officer of English counties, known as shires.

Answer 4

Reeve

Question 5

Civil servants who acted on behalf of the King of England during the Middle Ages; chancellors held court and settled property disputes, trespass cases, and minor property offenses as well as acts of thievery, vagrancy, and public drunkenness.

Answer 5

Chancellors

Question 6

Courts of equity rooted in early English Common Law where civil disputes and matters involving children may be resolved.

Answer 6

Chancery Courts, Courts of Equity

Question 7

Sanction used to punish offenders by barring them for a specified number of miles from settlements or towns; often a capital punishment, since those banished could not obtain food or water to survive the isolation.

Answer 7

Banishment

Question 8

Early British practice of sending undesirables, misfits, and convicted offenders to remote territories and islands controlled by England.

Answer 8

Transportation

Question 9

Early penal facilities designed to use prison labor for profit by private interests; operated in shires in mid-16th century and later.

Answer 9

Workhouses

Question 10

Sixteenth-century London jail (sometimes gaol) established in 1557; known for providing cheap labor to business and mercantile interests; jailers and sheriffs profited from prisoner exploitation.

Answer 10

Bridewell Workhouse

Question 10

Sixteenth-century London jail (sometimes gaol) established in 1557; known for providing cheap labor to business and mercantile interests; jailers and sheriffs profited from prisoner exploitation.

Answer 10

Bridewell Workhouse

Question 11

Voluntary slave pattern in which persons entered into a contract with merchants or businessmen, usually for seven years of service, wherein merchants would pay for their voyage to the American colonies.

Answer 11

Indentured Servant System/Indentured Servant

Question 12

Voluntary slave pattern in which persons entered into a contract with merchants or businessmen, usually for seven years of service, wherein merchants would pay for their voyage to the American colonies.

Answer 12

Indentured Servant System/Indentured Servant

Question 13

Custodial institution established in Rome in 1704; provided for unruly youth and others; youth were assigned tasks, including semiskilled and skilled labor.

Answer 13

Hospital of Saint Michael

Question 14

Organized effort during the early 1800s to provide assistance, including food and shelter, to wayward youth.

Answer 14

Child Savers Movement/Child Savers

Question 15

Established in New York City in 1825 by the Society for the Prevention of Pauperism; managed largely status offenders, with compulsory education provided.

Answer 15

New York House of Refuge

Question 16

Juvenile institutions, the first of which was established in 1825 as a means of separating juveniles from the adult correctional process.

Answer 16

Houses of Refuge

Question 17

Juvenile institutions, the first of which was established in 1825 as a means of separating juveniles from the adult correctional process.

Answer 17

Houses of Refuge

Question 18

Established Hull House in Chicago in 1889; assisted wayward and homeless youth.

Answer 18

Jane Addams

Question 19

The Illinois legislature established the first juvenile court on __________.

Answer 19

July 1, 1899

Question 20

Passed by Illinois legislature in 1899; established the first juvenile court among the states; also known as the Illinois Juvenile Court Act.

Answer 20

Act to Regulate the Treatment and Control of Dependent, Neglected, and Delinquent Children

Question 21

Informal court mechanisms originating in Massachusetts to deal with children charged with crimes apart from the system of criminal courts for adults.

Answer 21

Children’s Tribunals/Civil Tribunals

Question 22

An 1899 Colorado law targeting truant youth; erroneously regarded as first juvenile court Act, which was actually passed in Illinois in 1899, and dealt with delinquent conduct.

Answer 22

Compulsory School Act

Question 23

Term created by Ferdinand Tonnies, a social theorist, to describe small, traditional communities where informal punishments were used to punish those who violated community laws.

Answer 23

Gemeinschaft

Question 24

Term created by Ferdinand Tonnies, a social theorist, to describe more formalized, larger communities and cities that relied on written documents and laws to regulate social conduct.

Answer 24

Gesellschaft

Question 25

Exploitative businesses and industries that employed child labor and demanded long work hours for low pay.

Answer 25

Sweat Shops

Question 26

The traditional orientation of juvenile justice, rehabilitation and individualized treatment, has been supplanted by the goal of efficient offender processing

Answer 26

Actuarial Justice

Question 27

Official source of crime information published annually by the Federal Bureau of Investigation; accepts information from reporting law enforcement agencies about criminal arrests; classifies crimes according toe various index criteria; tabulates information about offender age, gender, race, and other attributes

Answer 27

Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)

Question 28

Specific felonies used by the FBI in the Uniform Crime Reports to chart crime trends; there are eight index offenses (aggravated assault, larceny, burglary, vehicular theft, arson, robbery, forcible rape, and murder)

Answer 28

Index Offenses

Question 29

Crimes punishable by confinement in prison for a term of one or more years; major crimes; any index offense.

Answer 29

Felonies

Question 30

Crime punishable by confinement in city or county jail for a period of less than one year; a lesser offense

Answer 30

Misdemeanor

Question 31

Statistic that presents the total number of crimes per 100,000 population

Answer 31

Crime Rate

Question 32

Published in cooperation with the US Bureau of the Census; a random survey of 90,000 households, including 160,000 persons 12 years of age or older; measures crime committed against specific victims interviewed and not necessarily report to law enforcement officers.

Answer 32

National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)

Question 33

Basic measure of the occurrence of a crime; a specific criminal act affecting a specific victim.

Answer 33

Victimization

Question 34

Specific criminal act involving one crime and one or more victims

Answer 34

Incident

Question 35

Term used by the FBI in the Uniform Crime Report (UCR) to indicate that someone has been arrested for a reported crime; does not necessarily mean that the crime has been solved or that the actual criminals who committed the crime have been apprehended or convicted.

Answer 35

Cleared by Arrest

Question 36

Compendium of national statistical information and databases about juvenile delinquency

Answer 36

National Juvenile Court Data Archive

Question 37

Compendium of statistical information about juvenile and adult offenders; court facts, statistics, and trends; probation and parole figures; and considerable additional information; published annually by the Hindelang Criminal Justice Research Center at the University of Albany, SUNY; funded by grants from the US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics

Answer 37

The Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics

Question 38

A survey of youth (or adults) based upon disclosures these persons might make about the types of offenses they have committed and how frequently they have committed them; considered to be more accurate than official estimates.

Answer 38

Self-Report/Self-Report Information

Question 39

Infractions reported by surveys of high school youth; considered to be “hidden” because it most often is undetected by police officers; disclosed delinquency through self-report surveys

Answer 39

Hidden Delinquency

Question 40

Study of large numbers of youth annually or at other intervals to assess extent of delinquency among high school students

Answer 40

National Youth Survey

Question 41

Study of 3,000 high school students annually by the Institute for Social Research at the University of Michigan; attempts to discover hidden delinquency not ordinarily disclosed by published public reports.

Answer 41

Monitoring the Future Survey

Question 42

Any juvenile considered to be more susceptible to the influence of gangs and delinquent peers; characterized as those who have learning disabilities, greater immaturity, lower socioeconomic status, and parental dysfunction and are otherwise disadvantaged by their socioeconomic and environmental circumstances.

Answer 42

At-risk Youth

Question 43

Moving as a juvenile offender to committing progressively more serious offenses; committing new, violent offenses after adjudications for property offenses would be _______ _______.

Answer 43

Career Escalation

Question 44

Developmental sequences over the course of adolescence that are associated with serious, chronic, and violent offenders.

Answer 44

Pathways