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BIOL1000 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

MATTER

A

Anything that occupies space and has mass.

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2
Q

ELEMENT

A

A substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical means.

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3
Q

COMPOUND

A

A substance containing two or more elements in a fixed ratio. For example, table salt (NaCl) consists of one atom of the element sodium (Na) for every atom of chlorine (Cl).

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4
Q

TRACE ELEMENTS

A

an element that occurs at very small quantities in the body but is nonetheless important for many biological processes

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5
Q

ATOM

A

The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.

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6
Q

PROTON

A

A subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge, found in the nucleus of an atom.

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7
Q

ELECTRON

A

A subatomic particle with a single negative electrical charge. One or more electrons move around the nucleus of an atom.

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8
Q

REACTANTS

A

a substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction.

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9
Q

SURFACE TENSION

A

A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid. Water has a high surface tension because of the hydrogen bonding of surface molecules.

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10
Q

SOLUTE

A

A substance that is dissolved in a solution.

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11
Q

BUFFERS

A

a solution that resists a change in pH when acids or bases are added.

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12
Q

NEUTRON

A

A subatomic particle having no electrical charge, found in the nucleus of an atom.

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13
Q

NUCLEUS

A

(1) An atom’s central core, containing protons and neutrons. (2) The organelle of a eukaryotic cell that contains the genetic material in the form of chromosomes, made of chromatin.

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14
Q

ATOMIC NUMBER

A

The number of protons in each atom of a particular element.

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15
Q

MASS NUMBER

A

The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom’s nucleus.

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16
Q

ATOMIC MASS

A

The total mass of an atom; also called atomic weight. Given as a whole number, the atomic mass approximately equals the mass number.

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17
Q

ISOTOPES

A

one of two or more atoms with the same atomic number but with different numbers of neutrons

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18
Q

RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPE

A

An isotope whose nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy.

19
Q

PRODUCT

A

An ending material in a chemical reaction.

20
Q

THERMAL ENERGY

A

Kinetic energy due to the random motion of atoms and molecules; energy in its most random form.

21
Q

EVAPORATIVE COOLING

A

The process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation, a result of the molecules with the greatest energy changing from the liquid to the gaseous state.

22
Q

AQUEOUS SOLUTION

A

A solution in which water is the solvent.

23
Q

OCEAN ACIDIFICATION

A

Process by which the pH of the ocean is lowered (made more acidic) when excess atmospheric CO2 dissolves in seawater.

24
Q

ELECTRON SHELLS

A

a grouping of electrons surrounding the nucleus of an atom

25
Q

CHEMICAL BONDS

A

an electrical force linking atoms

26
Q

IONIC BONDS

A

a chemical bond in which one atom loses an electron to form a positive ion and the other atom gains an electron to form a negative ion

27
Q

COVALENT BOND

A

A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons.

28
Q

MOLECULE

A

Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds. GLOSSARY

29
Q

ELECTRONEGATIVITY

A

The attraction of a given atom for the electrons of a covalent bond.

30
Q

NON POLAR COVALENT BONDS

A

A bond between 2 nonmetal atoms that have the same electronegativity and therefore have equal sharing of the bonding electron pair

31
Q

COHESION

A

The sticking together of molecules of the same kind, often by hydrogen bonds.

32
Q

ADHESION

A

The attraction between different kinds of molecules.

33
Q

HEAT

A

Thermal energy in transfer from one body of matter to another.

34
Q

TEMPERATURE

A

A measure in degrees of the average thermal energy of the atoms and molecules in a body of matter.

35
Q

SOLUTION

A

A liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.

36
Q

SOLVENT

A

The dissolving agent of a solution. Water is the most versatile solvent known.

37
Q

ACID

A

A substance that increases the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration in a solution.

38
Q

BASE

A

A substance that decreases the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration in a solution.

39
Q

PH SCALE

A

A measure of the acidity of a solution, ranging in value from 0 (most acidic) to 14 (most basic). The letters pH stand for potential hydrogen and refer to the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+).

40
Q

POLAR COVALENT BOND

A

A covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive.

41
Q

IONIC BONDS

A

a chemical bond in which one atom loses an electron to form a positive ion and the other atom gains an electron to form a negative ion

42
Q

HYDROGEN BOND

A

A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule (or in another region of the same molecule).

43
Q

POLAR MOLECULE

A

A molecule containing polar covalent bonds and having an unequal distribution of charges in different regions of the molecule.

44
Q

CHEMICAL REACTIONS

A

(chemistry) a process in which one or more substances are changed into others

BIOL1000 (4 decks)

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