Chapter 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Rostral
A
Toward the head of a four-legged animal
2
Q
Caudal
A
toward the tail of a four-legged animal
3
Q
ventral
A
toward the belly of a four-legged animal
4
Q
dorsal
A
toward the back of a four legged animal
5
Q
neuraxis
A
an imaginary line that runs the length of the spinal cord to the front of the brain
6
Q
anterior
A
toward the fron
7
Q
posterior
A
toward the rear
8
Q
superior
A
toward the top
9
Q
inferior
A
toward the bottom
10
Q
midline
A
An imaginary line dividing the body into two equal halves
11
Q
ipsilateral
A
referring to structures on the sam side of the midline
12
Q
contralateral
A
structures on the opposite sides of the midline
13
Q
medial
A
toward the midline
14
Q
lateral
A
away from the midline
15
Q
proximal
A
a directional term that means closer to the center; usually applied to limbs;opposite of distal
16
Q
distal
A
farther away from another structure, usually in reference to limbs
17
Q
coronal/frontal section
A
An anatomical section dividing the brain front to back, parallel to the face. Ex: nipples vs butt
18
Q
Sagittal
A
section that is parallel to the midline. Divides body in half. Ex: left eye vs right eye
19
Q
midsagittal
A
A sagittal section that divides the brain into two approximately equal halves.
20
Q
horizontal/axial/transverse
A
an anatomical section that divides the brain from top to bottom
21
Q
meninges
A
the layers of membranes that cover the CNS and the peripheral nerves
22
Q
Dura mater
A
the outermost of the three layers of meninges; found in both the central and peripheral nervous system
23
Q
arachnoid layer
A
The middle layer of the meninges covering the CNS
24
Q
pia mater
A
The innermost of the layers of meninges found in both the CNS and the peripheral nervous system
25
Subarachnoid space
A space filled with CSF that lies between the arachnoid and pia mater layers of the meninges in the CNS
26
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
The special plasma-like fluid circulating within the ventricles of the brain, the central canal of the spinal cord, and the subarachnoid space
27
Ventricle
One of four hollow spaces within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid
28
choroid plexus
The lining of the ventricles, which secretes the CSF
29
central canal
The small midline channel in the spinal cord that contains CSF
30
carotid artery
One of the two major blood vessels that travel up the sides of the neck to supply the brain
31
vertebral artery
One of the important blood vessels that enters the brain from the back of the skull
32
CNS
The brain and spinal cord
33
PNS
The nerves exiting the brain and spinal cord that serve sensory and motor functions for the rest of the body
34
spinal cord
A long cylinder of nervous tissue extending from the medulla to the first lumbar vertebra
35
vertebral column
The bones of the spinal column that protect and enclose the spinal cord
36
cervical nerve
one of eight spinal nerves that serve the area of the head, neck, and arms
37
thoracic nerve
one of twelve spinal nerves that serve the torso
38
lumbar nerve
one of five spinal nerves that serve the lower back and legs
39
sacral nerve
one of five spinal nerves that serve the backs of the legs and genitals
40
coccygeal nerve
The most caudal (butt) of the spinal nerves
41
white matter
an area of neural tissue primarily made up of myelinated axons
42
gray matter
an area of neural tissue primarily made up of cell bodies
43
dorsal horns
gray matter in the spinal cord that contains sensory neurons
44
ventral horns
gray matter in the spinal cord that contains motor neurons
45
reflex
an involuntary action or response
46
patellar reflex
The knee-jerk reflex; a spinal reflex in which tapping below the knee produces a reflexive contraction of the quadriceps muscle of the thigh; causing the foot to kick
47
withdrawal reflex
a spinal reflex that pulls a body part away from a source of pain
48
hindbrain
The most caudal division of the brain, including the medulla, pons, and cerebellum
49
midbrain
The division of the brain lying between the hindbrain and forebrain, including the superior and inferior colliculi, periaqueductal gray, red nucleus, and substantia nigra
50
forebrain
The division of the brain containing the diencephalon and the telencephalon
51
brainstem
the hindbrain and midbrain
52
medulla/myelencephalon
the most caudal part of the hindbrain
53
pons
A structure located in the metencephalon between the medulla and midbrain that participates in the management of states of consciousness
54
cerebellum
A structure located in the metencephalon that participates in balance,, muscle tone, muscle coordination, some types of learning, and possibly higher cognitive functions in humans.
55
reticular formation
A collection of brainstem nuclei, located near the midline from the rostral medulla up into the midbrain, that regulate sleep and arousal.
56
metencephalon
The division of the hindbrain containing the pons and cerebellum
57
Cochlear nucleus
A nucleus found in the pons that receives information about sound from the inner ear
58
vestibular nucleus
A group of cell bodies in the pons that receive input about the location and movement of the head from sensory structures in the inner ear
59
raphe nuclei
Nuclei located in the pons that participate in the regulation of sleep and arousal
60
locus coerulues
A structure in the pons that participates in arousal
61
mesencephalon
Another term for the midbrain, the division of the brain lying between the hindbrain and forebrain
62
tectum
The "roof" of dorsal half, of the midbrain
63
tegmentum
the "covering" or ventral half of the midbrain
64
cerebral aqueduct
the small channel running along the midline of the midbrain that connects the third and fourth ventricles
65
periaqueductal gray
Gray matter surrounding the cerebral aqueduct of the midbrain that is believed to play a role in the sensation of pain
66
red nucleus
A sturucture located within the reticular formation that communicates motor information between the spinal cord and the cerebellum
67
substantia nigra
midbrain nuclei that communicate with the basal ganglia of the forebrain
68
superior colliculi
a pair of bumps on the dorsal surface of the midbrain that coordinates visually guided movements and visual reflex
69
inferior colliculi
A pair of bumps on the dorsal surface of the midbrain that processes auditory information.
70
diencephalon
a division of the forebrain made up of the hypothalamus and the thalamus
71
telencephalon
the division of the brain comprising the cerebral hemispheres
72
cerebral hemispheres
One of the two large, globular structures that make up the telencephalon of the forebrain
73
thalamus
a structure in the diencephalon that processes sensory information, contributes to states of arousal, and participates in learning and memory
74
hypothalamus
a structure found in the diencephalon that participates in the regulation of hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, and aggression; part of the limbic system
75
pituitary gland
a gland located just above the roof of the mouth that is connected to the hypothalamus and serves as a major source of hormones
76
basal ganglia
a collection of nuclei within the cerebral hemispheres that participate in the control of movement. AKA corpus striatum
77
caudate nucleus
one of the major nuclei that make up the basal ganglia
78
putamen
one of the nuclei contained in the basal ganglia
79
globus pallidus
one of the nuclei making up the basal ganglia
80
subthalamic nucleus
a small nucleus located ventral to the thalamus that is part of the basal ganglia
81
nucleus accumbens
a small nucleus associated with the basal ganglia known to be important in reward and addiction. ALso known as the ventral striatum
82
limbic system
a collection of forebrain structures that participate in emotional behavior, motivated behavior, and learning
83
hippocampus
a structure deep within the cerebral hemispheres that is involved with the formation of long-term declarative memories; part of the limbic system
84
amygdala
an almond shaped structure in the rostral temporal lobes that is part of the limbic system. plays an important role in emotion, fear, rage, and aggression
85
cingulate cortex
a segment of older cortex just dorsal to the corpus callosum that is part of the limbic system
86
septal area
an area anterior to the thalamus and hypothalamus that is often included as part of the limbic system
87
olfactory bulb
a structure extending from the ventral surface of the brain that processes the sense of smell; part of the limbic system
88
parahippocampal gyrus
a fold of tissue near the hippocampus that is often included in the limbic system
89
mammillary body
one of two bumps on the ventral surface of the brain that participate in memory and are included in the limbic system
90
fornix
a fiber pathway connecting the hippocampus and mammillary bodies that is often included in the limbic system
91
gyrus/gyri
one of the "hills" on the convoluted surface of the cerebral cortex
92
sulcus/sulci
a "valley" in the convoluted surface of the cerebral cortez
93
fissure
a large sulcus
94
granule cell
a small type of cell found in layers 2 and 4 of the cerebral cortex
95
pyramidal cell
a large, triangular cell found in layers 3 and 5 of the cerebral cortex
96
lobe
one of the four major areas of the cerebral cortex; frontal,parietal, temporal, and occipital
97
frontal lobe
the most rostral lobe of the cerebral cortex, seperated from the parietal lobe by the central sulcus and from the temporal lobe by the lateral sulcus
98
central sulcus
the fissure separating the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebral cortex
99
parietal lobe
one of the four lobes of the cerebral cortex located between the frontal and occipital lobes
100
lateral sulcus
the fissure separating the temporal and frontal lobes of the cortex
101
occipital lobe
the most caudal lobe of the cortex, location of primary visual cortex
102
insula
the cortex located within the lateral sulcus between the frontal/parietal and temporal lobes. referred to as the fifth lobe
103
longitudinal fissure
the major fissure dividing the two cerebral hemispheres on the dorsal side of the brain
104
sensory cortex
an area of the cortex that is devoted to the processing of sensory information
105
motor cortex
an area of the cortex that is devoted to the processing of movement
106
association cortex
an area of the cortex that does not process sensory or motor information directly but rather serves as a bridge between areas that do process these function
107
primary visual cortex
an area of the sensory cortex locatedwithin the occipital lobe that provides the initial cortical processing of visual information
108
primary auditory cortex
an area of the sensory cortex located within the temporal lobe that provides the initial cortical processing of sound information
109
postcentral gyrus
the fold of parietal lobe tissue just caudal to the central sulcus; the location of the primary somatosensory cortex
110
primary somatosensory cortex
an area of the sensory cortex located within the parietal lobe that provides the highest level of processing for body senses such as touch, position, sin temperature, and pain
111
primary motor cortex
an area of the cortex located within the frontal lobe that provides the highest level of command to the motor systems
112
precentral gyrus
the fold of frontal lobe tissue just rostral to the central sulcus; the location of the primary motor cortex
113
association cortex
areas of the cortex that link and integrate sensory and motor information
114
corpus callosum
a wide band of axons connecting the right and left cerebral hemispheres
115
anterior commissure
a small bundle of axons that connects structures in the right and left cerebral hemispheres
116
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPC)
an area located at the top and sides of the frontal lobe that participates in executive functions such as attention and the planning of behavior
117
orbitofrontal cortex
an area of the frontal lobe located just behind the eyes involved in impulse control; damage to this area can produce some antisocial behavior
118
frontal lobotomy
a surgical procedure in which a large portion of the frontal lobe is separated from the rest of the brain
119
brocas area
an area near the primary motor cortex in the frontal lobe that participates in speech production
120
somatic nervous system
the PNS division that brings sensory input to the brain and spinal cord and returns commands to the muscles
121
autonomic nervous system
The division of the PNS that directs the activity of the glands, organs, and smooth muscles of the body
122
endocrine system
glands that secrete hormones directly into the blood supply
123
cranial nerves
twelve pairs of nerves that exit the brain as part of the PNS
124
olfactory nerve 1
carrying information about smell to the brain
125
optic nerve 2
carrying information from the eyes to the brain
126
auditory nerve 8
carries information from the inner ear to the brain
127
oculomotor nerve 3
controls muscles of the eye
128
trochlear nerve 4
controls the muscles of the eye
129
abducens nerve 6
controls the muscles of the eye
130
spinal accessory nerve 11
controls the muscles of the neck
131
hypoglossal nerve 12
responsible for movement of the tongue
132
trigeminal nerve 5
controls chewing movements and provides feedback regarding facial expression
133
facial nerve 7
produces muscle movement in facial expressions and that carries taste information back to the brain
134
glossopharyngeal nerve 9
manages both sensory and motor functions in the throat
135
vagus nerve 10
serves the heart, liver, and digestive tract
136
mixed nerve
spinal nerves that carry both sensory and motor information
137
afferent nerve
a nerve that caries sensory information to the CNS
138
efferent nerve
a nerve that carries motor commands away from the CNS
139
Dorsal root ganglion
a collection of cell bodies of afferent nerves located just outside the spinal cord
140
biofeedback
a set of techniques that enable people to control typically unconscious or involuntary functions such as blood pressure
141
sympathetic nervous system
the division of the autonomic nervous system that coordinates arousal
142
parasympathetic nervous system
the division of the autonomic nervous system responsible for rest and energy
143
enteric nervous system
a division of the autonomic nervous system consisting of neurons embedded in the lining of the gastrointestinal system
144
sympathetic chain
a string of cell bodies outside the spinal cord that receive input from sympathetic neurons in the CNS and that communicate with target organs
145
natural selection
the process by which favorable traits would become more common and unfavorable traits would become less common in the subsequent generations due to differences among organisms in their ability to reproduce successfully
146
fitness
the ability of an organism with one genetic makeup to reproduce more successfully than organisms with other types of genetic makeups
147
hominin
a primate in the family hominidae, of which homosapiens is the only surviving member
148
chordates
the phylum of animals that possess true brains and spinal cords. Also known as vertebrates
149
homosapiens
the species of modern humans
