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Bio Psychology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Rostral

A

Toward the head of a four-legged animal

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2
Q

Caudal

A

toward the tail of a four-legged animal

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3
Q

ventral

A

toward the belly of a four-legged animal

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4
Q

dorsal

A

toward the back of a four legged animal

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5
Q

neuraxis

A

an imaginary line that runs the length of the spinal cord to the front of the brain

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6
Q

anterior

A

toward the fron

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7
Q

posterior

A

toward the rear

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8
Q

superior

A

toward the top

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9
Q

inferior

A

toward the bottom

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10
Q

midline

A

An imaginary line dividing the body into two equal halves

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11
Q

ipsilateral

A

referring to structures on the sam side of the midline

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12
Q

contralateral

A

structures on the opposite sides of the midline

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13
Q

medial

A

toward the midline

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14
Q

lateral

A

away from the midline

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15
Q

proximal

A

a directional term that means closer to the center; usually applied to limbs;opposite of distal

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16
Q

distal

A

farther away from another structure, usually in reference to limbs

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17
Q

coronal/frontal section

A

An anatomical section dividing the brain front to back, parallel to the face. Ex: nipples vs butt

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18
Q

Sagittal

A

section that is parallel to the midline. Divides body in half. Ex: left eye vs right eye

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19
Q

midsagittal

A

A sagittal section that divides the brain into two approximately equal halves.

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20
Q

horizontal/axial/transverse

A

an anatomical section that divides the brain from top to bottom

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21
Q

meninges

A

the layers of membranes that cover the CNS and the peripheral nerves

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22
Q

Dura mater

A

the outermost of the three layers of meninges; found in both the central and peripheral nervous system

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23
Q

arachnoid layer

A

The middle layer of the meninges covering the CNS

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24
Q

pia mater

A

The innermost of the layers of meninges found in both the CNS and the peripheral nervous system

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25
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

A space filled with CSF that lies between the arachnoid and pia mater layers of the meninges in the CNS

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26
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

The special plasma-like fluid circulating within the ventricles of the brain, the central canal of the spinal cord, and the subarachnoid space

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27
Q

Ventricle

A

One of four hollow spaces within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid

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28
Q

choroid plexus

A

The lining of the ventricles, which secretes the CSF

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29
Q

central canal

A

The small midline channel in the spinal cord that contains CSF

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30
Q

carotid artery

A

One of the two major blood vessels that travel up the sides of the neck to supply the brain

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31
Q

vertebral artery

A

One of the important blood vessels that enters the brain from the back of the skull

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32
Q

CNS

A

The brain and spinal cord

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33
Q

PNS

A

The nerves exiting the brain and spinal cord that serve sensory and motor functions for the rest of the body

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34
Q

spinal cord

A

A long cylinder of nervous tissue extending from the medulla to the first lumbar vertebra

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35
Q

vertebral column

A

The bones of the spinal column that protect and enclose the spinal cord

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36
Q

cervical nerve

A

one of eight spinal nerves that serve the area of the head, neck, and arms

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37
Q

thoracic nerve

A

one of twelve spinal nerves that serve the torso

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38
Q

lumbar nerve

A

one of five spinal nerves that serve the lower back and legs

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39
Q

sacral nerve

A

one of five spinal nerves that serve the backs of the legs and genitals

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40
Q

coccygeal nerve

A

The most caudal (butt) of the spinal nerves

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41
Q

white matter

A

an area of neural tissue primarily made up of myelinated axons

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42
Q

gray matter

A

an area of neural tissue primarily made up of cell bodies

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43
Q

dorsal horns

A

gray matter in the spinal cord that contains sensory neurons

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44
Q

ventral horns

A

gray matter in the spinal cord that contains motor neurons

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45
Q

reflex

A

an involuntary action or response

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46
Q

patellar reflex

A

The knee-jerk reflex; a spinal reflex in which tapping below the knee produces a reflexive contraction of the quadriceps muscle of the thigh; causing the foot to kick

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47
Q

withdrawal reflex

A

a spinal reflex that pulls a body part away from a source of pain

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48
Q

hindbrain

A

The most caudal division of the brain, including the medulla, pons, and cerebellum

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49
Q

midbrain

A

The division of the brain lying between the hindbrain and forebrain, including the superior and inferior colliculi, periaqueductal gray, red nucleus, and substantia nigra

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50
Q

forebrain

A

The division of the brain containing the diencephalon and the telencephalon

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51
Q

brainstem

A

the hindbrain and midbrain

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52
Q

medulla/myelencephalon

A

the most caudal part of the hindbrain

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53
Q

pons

A

A structure located in the metencephalon between the medulla and midbrain that participates in the management of states of consciousness

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54
Q

cerebellum

A

A structure located in the metencephalon that participates in balance,, muscle tone, muscle coordination, some types of learning, and possibly higher cognitive functions in humans.

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55
Q

reticular formation

A

A collection of brainstem nuclei, located near the midline from the rostral medulla up into the midbrain, that regulate sleep and arousal.

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56
Q

metencephalon

A

The division of the hindbrain containing the pons and cerebellum

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57
Q

Cochlear nucleus

A

A nucleus found in the pons that receives information about sound from the inner ear

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58
Q

vestibular nucleus

A

A group of cell bodies in the pons that receive input about the location and movement of the head from sensory structures in the inner ear

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59
Q

raphe nuclei

A

Nuclei located in the pons that participate in the regulation of sleep and arousal

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60
Q

locus coerulues

A

A structure in the pons that participates in arousal

61
Q

mesencephalon

A

Another term for the midbrain, the division of the brain lying between the hindbrain and forebrain

62
Q

tectum

A

The “roof” of dorsal half, of the midbrain

63
Q

tegmentum

A

the “covering” or ventral half of the midbrain

64
Q

cerebral aqueduct

A

the small channel running along the midline of the midbrain that connects the third and fourth ventricles

65
Q

periaqueductal gray

A

Gray matter surrounding the cerebral aqueduct of the midbrain that is believed to play a role in the sensation of pain

66
Q

red nucleus

A

A sturucture located within the reticular formation that communicates motor information between the spinal cord and the cerebellum

67
Q

substantia nigra

A

midbrain nuclei that communicate with the basal ganglia of the forebrain

68
Q

superior colliculi

A

a pair of bumps on the dorsal surface of the midbrain that coordinates visually guided movements and visual reflex

69
Q

inferior colliculi

A

A pair of bumps on the dorsal surface of the midbrain that processes auditory information.

70
Q

diencephalon

A

a division of the forebrain made up of the hypothalamus and the thalamus

71
Q

telencephalon

A

the division of the brain comprising the cerebral hemispheres

72
Q

cerebral hemispheres

A

One of the two large, globular structures that make up the telencephalon of the forebrain

73
Q

thalamus

A

a structure in the diencephalon that processes sensory information, contributes to states of arousal, and participates in learning and memory

74
Q

hypothalamus

A

a structure found in the diencephalon that participates in the regulation of hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, and aggression; part of the limbic system

75
Q

pituitary gland

A

a gland located just above the roof of the mouth that is connected to the hypothalamus and serves as a major source of hormones

76
Q

basal ganglia

A

a collection of nuclei within the cerebral hemispheres that participate in the control of movement. AKA corpus striatum

77
Q

caudate nucleus

A

one of the major nuclei that make up the basal ganglia

78
Q

putamen

A

one of the nuclei contained in the basal ganglia

79
Q

globus pallidus

A

one of the nuclei making up the basal ganglia

80
Q

subthalamic nucleus

A

a small nucleus located ventral to the thalamus that is part of the basal ganglia

81
Q

nucleus accumbens

A

a small nucleus associated with the basal ganglia known to be important in reward and addiction. ALso known as the ventral striatum

82
Q

limbic system

A

a collection of forebrain structures that participate in emotional behavior, motivated behavior, and learning

83
Q

hippocampus

A

a structure deep within the cerebral hemispheres that is involved with the formation of long-term declarative memories; part of the limbic system

84
Q

amygdala

A

an almond shaped structure in the rostral temporal lobes that is part of the limbic system. plays an important role in emotion, fear, rage, and aggression

85
Q

cingulate cortex

A

a segment of older cortex just dorsal to the corpus callosum that is part of the limbic system

86
Q

septal area

A

an area anterior to the thalamus and hypothalamus that is often included as part of the limbic system

87
Q

olfactory bulb

A

a structure extending from the ventral surface of the brain that processes the sense of smell; part of the limbic system

88
Q

parahippocampal gyrus

A

a fold of tissue near the hippocampus that is often included in the limbic system

89
Q

mammillary body

A

one of two bumps on the ventral surface of the brain that participate in memory and are included in the limbic system

90
Q

fornix

A

a fiber pathway connecting the hippocampus and mammillary bodies that is often included in the limbic system

91
Q

gyrus/gyri

A

one of the “hills” on the convoluted surface of the cerebral cortex

92
Q

sulcus/sulci

A

a “valley” in the convoluted surface of the cerebral cortez

93
Q

fissure

A

a large sulcus

94
Q

granule cell

A

a small type of cell found in layers 2 and 4 of the cerebral cortex

95
Q

pyramidal cell

A

a large, triangular cell found in layers 3 and 5 of the cerebral cortex

96
Q

lobe

A

one of the four major areas of the cerebral cortex; frontal,parietal, temporal, and occipital

97
Q

frontal lobe

A

the most rostral lobe of the cerebral cortex, seperated from the parietal lobe by the central sulcus and from the temporal lobe by the lateral sulcus

98
Q

central sulcus

A

the fissure separating the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebral cortex

99
Q

parietal lobe

A

one of the four lobes of the cerebral cortex located between the frontal and occipital lobes

100
Q

lateral sulcus

A

the fissure separating the temporal and frontal lobes of the cortex

101
Q

occipital lobe

A

the most caudal lobe of the cortex, location of primary visual cortex

102
Q

insula

A

the cortex located within the lateral sulcus between the frontal/parietal and temporal lobes. referred to as the fifth lobe

103
Q

longitudinal fissure

A

the major fissure dividing the two cerebral hemispheres on the dorsal side of the brain

104
Q

sensory cortex

A

an area of the cortex that is devoted to the processing of sensory information

105
Q

motor cortex

A

an area of the cortex that is devoted to the processing of movement

106
Q

association cortex

A

an area of the cortex that does not process sensory or motor information directly but rather serves as a bridge between areas that do process these function

107
Q

primary visual cortex

A

an area of the sensory cortex locatedwithin the occipital lobe that provides the initial cortical processing of visual information

108
Q

primary auditory cortex

A

an area of the sensory cortex located within the temporal lobe that provides the initial cortical processing of sound information

109
Q

postcentral gyrus

A

the fold of parietal lobe tissue just caudal to the central sulcus; the location of the primary somatosensory cortex

110
Q

primary somatosensory cortex

A

an area of the sensory cortex located within the parietal lobe that provides the highest level of processing for body senses such as touch, position, sin temperature, and pain

111
Q

primary motor cortex

A

an area of the cortex located within the frontal lobe that provides the highest level of command to the motor systems

112
Q

precentral gyrus

A

the fold of frontal lobe tissue just rostral to the central sulcus; the location of the primary motor cortex

113
Q

association cortex

A

areas of the cortex that link and integrate sensory and motor information

114
Q

corpus callosum

A

a wide band of axons connecting the right and left cerebral hemispheres

115
Q

anterior commissure

A

a small bundle of axons that connects structures in the right and left cerebral hemispheres

116
Q

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPC)

A

an area located at the top and sides of the frontal lobe that participates in executive functions such as attention and the planning of behavior

117
Q

orbitofrontal cortex

A

an area of the frontal lobe located just behind the eyes involved in impulse control; damage to this area can produce some antisocial behavior

118
Q

frontal lobotomy

A

a surgical procedure in which a large portion of the frontal lobe is separated from the rest of the brain

119
Q

brocas area

A

an area near the primary motor cortex in the frontal lobe that participates in speech production

120
Q

somatic nervous system

A

the PNS division that brings sensory input to the brain and spinal cord and returns commands to the muscles

121
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

The division of the PNS that directs the activity of the glands, organs, and smooth muscles of the body

122
Q

endocrine system

A

glands that secrete hormones directly into the blood supply

123
Q

cranial nerves

A

twelve pairs of nerves that exit the brain as part of the PNS

124
Q

olfactory nerve 1

A

carrying information about smell to the brain

125
Q

optic nerve 2

A

carrying information from the eyes to the brain

126
Q

auditory nerve 8

A

carries information from the inner ear to the brain

127
Q

oculomotor nerve 3

A

controls muscles of the eye

128
Q

trochlear nerve 4

A

controls the muscles of the eye

129
Q

abducens nerve 6

A

controls the muscles of the eye

130
Q

spinal accessory nerve 11

A

controls the muscles of the neck

131
Q

hypoglossal nerve 12

A

responsible for movement of the tongue

132
Q

trigeminal nerve 5

A

controls chewing movements and provides feedback regarding facial expression

133
Q

facial nerve 7

A

produces muscle movement in facial expressions and that carries taste information back to the brain

134
Q

glossopharyngeal nerve 9

A

manages both sensory and motor functions in the throat

135
Q

vagus nerve 10

A

serves the heart, liver, and digestive tract

136
Q

mixed nerve

A

spinal nerves that carry both sensory and motor information

137
Q

afferent nerve

A

a nerve that caries sensory information to the CNS

138
Q

efferent nerve

A

a nerve that carries motor commands away from the CNS

139
Q

Dorsal root ganglion

A

a collection of cell bodies of afferent nerves located just outside the spinal cord

140
Q

biofeedback

A

a set of techniques that enable people to control typically unconscious or involuntary functions such as blood pressure

141
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

the division of the autonomic nervous system that coordinates arousal

142
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

the division of the autonomic nervous system responsible for rest and energy

143
Q

enteric nervous system

A

a division of the autonomic nervous system consisting of neurons embedded in the lining of the gastrointestinal system

144
Q

sympathetic chain

A

a string of cell bodies outside the spinal cord that receive input from sympathetic neurons in the CNS and that communicate with target organs

145
Q

natural selection

A

the process by which favorable traits would become more common and unfavorable traits would become less common in the subsequent generations due to differences among organisms in their ability to reproduce successfully

146
Q

fitness

A

the ability of an organism with one genetic makeup to reproduce more successfully than organisms with other types of genetic makeups

147
Q

hominin

A

a primate in the family hominidae, of which homosapiens is the only surviving member

148
Q

chordates

A

the phylum of animals that possess true brains and spinal cords. Also known as vertebrates

149
Q

homosapiens

A

the species of modern humans

Bio Psychology (1 decks)

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