Chapter 2

Question 1

Give the three biological polymers, name their monomers, and name the covalent bonds between their monomers

Answer 1

Polysaccharide, sugar, glycosidic

Protein, amino acid, peptide

Nucleic acid, nucleotide, phosphodiester

Question 2

What is the forth family of organic molecules, the one that is not a polymer? What is its main property?

Answer 2

Phospholipid, hydrophobic or amphipathic. ((LIPID, does not dissolve in water))

Question 3

How do biological polymers grow?

Answer 3

addition of a monomer via a condensation reaction, (a molecule of water is lost with each subunit). All reactions are catalyzed by specific enzymes, which ensure the appropriate monomer is incorporated

Question 4

Name some noncovalent bond types

Answer 4

electrostatic (partial charge), hydrogen bonds, van der Waals attractions, or hydrophobic interactions

Question 5

What is the meaning of the saccharide prefix mono, di, oligo, and poly?

Answer 5

the number of sugars in the polymer, 1,2,3-50, and 50+

Question 6

What is the suffix for sugars? What is their basic formula? Describe any isomers

Answer 6

End in -ose, (CH2O)n

isomers have their hydroxyl group can be in an alpha or beta position

Question 7

What is starch used for? Where is it found? What type of sugar is it?

Answer 7

energy storage, chloroplast, a-D-gulcose

Question 8

What is glycogen used for? Where is it found? What type of sugar is it?

Answer 8

energy storage, liver, a-D-glucose

Question 9

What is cellulose used for? Where is it found? What type of sugar is it?

Answer 9

structural support, plant cell walls, b-D-glucose

Question 10

How are starch and glycogen different?

Answer 10

they have different branching patterns

Question 11

What are fatty acids made of?

Answer 11

hydrocarbon tails, saturated (solid) or unsaturated (liquid)

aromatic rings

Question 12

What is the most abundant organic molecule?

Answer 12

cellulose

Question 13

What are tricylglycerols used for? Describe them.

Answer 13

energy storage

glycerol with three fatty acid tails, form micelles

Question 14

What are phospholipids used for? Describe them

Answer 14

cell membranes

hydrophillic head (polar group + phosphate + glycerol) with two fatty acid tails

Question 15

What are glycolipids used for? Describe them

Answer 15

cell membranes - signaling

hydrophilic head with two fatty acid tails, one or more sugar in polar region in head

Question 16

What are steroids used for? Describe them

Answer 16

cell membranes - signaling

multiple-ring structure

Also serve to regulate body activities

Question 17

What are nucleotides made of? Give details.

Answer 17

Phosphate, sugar, base

sugar can be ribose or deoxyribose

base can be adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine/uracil

called nucleoside if missing phosphate

Question 18

What are nucleotides generally used for?

Answer 18

energy storage, coenzymes, signaling

Question 19

Describe the nomenclature for nucleotides

Answer 19

d- prefix if deoxyribose
First letter is for base
Second letter is for # of phosphates
Third letter is a P

Ex: AMP, dAMP, UDP, ATP

Question 20

What is the bond between a sugar and a base in nucleotides called?

Answer 20

N-glycosidic

Question 21

What is the bond between a sugar and a phosphate in nucleotides called?

Answer 21

phosphodiester

Question 22

Compare RNA and DNA: sugar, bases, organization

Answer 22

RNA has ribose, uracil, and is single-stranded

DNA has deoxyrobose, thymine, and has antiparallel double strands

Question 23

What does antiparallel mean in DNA?

Answer 23

going in opposite directions/ending with different parts

5* carbon has a phosphate group and 3* carbon has a sugar with an OH

1* carbon is to the right of the oxygen (if O is on top)

Question 24

What extra bonds does DNA have?

Answer 24

DNA has hydrogen bonds between its bases, 2 for A-T and three for C-G

Question 25

Give the full name of ATP and the basics of what it does

Answer 25

adenine triphosphate

can provide energy by hydrolysis (needs H20)
can store energy by condensation (gives H20)

Question 26

What is the difference between deoxyribose and ribose?

Answer 26

Ribose has two OH groups coming directly off the ring, deoxyribose only has one (the other is replaced with an H)

Question 27

Give the defining characteristics of each type of base: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine

Answer 27

adenine: 0 =O
thymine: 2 =O
* uracil: no CH3

guanine: 1 =O, 2 rings
cytosine: 1 =O, 1 ring