Chapter 2 Flashcards
Includes in class notes, FF study questions, ...
Give the three biological polymers, name their monomers, and name the covalent bonds between their monomers
Polysaccharide, sugar, glycosidic
Protein, amino acid, peptide
Nucleic acid, nucleotide, phosphodiester
What is the forth family of organic molecules, the one that is not a polymer? What is its main property?
Phospholipid, hydrophobic or amphipathic. ((LIPID, does not dissolve in water))
How do biological polymers grow?
addition of a monomer via a condensation reaction, (a molecule of water is lost with each subunit). All reactions are catalyzed by specific enzymes, which ensure the appropriate monomer is incorporated
Name some noncovalent bond types
electrostatic (partial charge), hydrogen bonds, van der Waals attractions, or hydrophobic interactions
What is the meaning of the saccharide prefix mono, di, oligo, and poly?
the number of sugars in the polymer, 1,2,3-50, and 50+
What is the suffix for sugars? What is their basic formula? Describe any isomers
End in -ose, (CH2O)n
isomers have their hydroxyl group can be in an alpha or beta position
What is starch used for? Where is it found? What type of sugar is it?
energy storage, chloroplast, a-D-gulcose
What is glycogen used for? Where is it found? What type of sugar is it?
energy storage, liver, a-D-glucose
What is cellulose used for? Where is it found? What type of sugar is it?
structural support, plant cell walls, b-D-glucose
How are starch and glycogen different?
they have different branching patterns
What are fatty acids made of?
hydrocarbon tails, saturated (solid) or unsaturated (liquid)
aromatic rings
What is the most abundant organic molecule?
cellulose
What are tricylglycerols used for? Describe them.
energy storage
glycerol with three fatty acid tails, form micelles
What are phospholipids used for? Describe them
cell membranes
hydrophillic head (polar group + phosphate + glycerol) with two fatty acid tails
What are glycolipids used for? Describe them
cell membranes - signaling
hydrophilic head with two fatty acid tails, one or more sugar in polar region in head
What are steroids used for? Describe them
cell membranes - signaling
multiple-ring structure
Also serve to regulate body activities
What are nucleotides made of? Give details.
Phosphate, sugar, base
sugar can be ribose or deoxyribose
base can be adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine/uracil
called nucleoside if missing phosphate
What are nucleotides generally used for?
energy storage, coenzymes, signaling
Describe the nomenclature for nucleotides
d- prefix if deoxyribose
First letter is for base
Second letter is for # of phosphates
Third letter is a P
Ex: AMP, dAMP, UDP, ATP
What is the bond between a sugar and a base in nucleotides called?
N-glycosidic
What is the bond between a sugar and a phosphate in nucleotides called?
phosphodiester
Compare RNA and DNA: sugar, bases, organization
RNA has ribose, uracil, and is single-stranded
DNA has deoxyrobose, thymine, and has antiparallel double strands
What does antiparallel mean in DNA?
going in opposite directions/ending with different parts
5* carbon has a phosphate group and 3* carbon has a sugar with an OH
1* carbon is to the right of the oxygen (if O is on top)
What extra bonds does DNA have?
DNA has hydrogen bonds between its bases, 2 for A-T and three for C-G
Give the full name of ATP and the basics of what it does
adenine triphosphate
can provide energy by hydrolysis (needs H20)
can store energy by condensation (gives H20)
What is the difference between deoxyribose and ribose?
Ribose has two OH groups coming directly off the ring, deoxyribose only has one (the other is replaced with an H)
Give the defining characteristics of each type of base: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine
adenine: 0 =O
thymine: 2 =O
* uracil: no CH3
guanine: 1 =O, 2 rings
cytosine: 1 =O, 1 ring
