Chapter 2,7 and 8 Flashcards
In vertebrates,
central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
The folds or grooves (inward pockets) in the brain are known as
sulci
Most information from the peripheral nervous system travels through the spinal cord except
fibers controlling eye movements
If you fall and injure the back of your head, which of the following will you most likely experience?
difficulty seeing
Which brain structure is involved in helping you learn the coordinated movements necessary for learning to ride a bike, where timing is particularly important?
cerebellum
Which part of the brain helps regulate autonomic functions such as breathing, cardiac rate and body temperature?
brainstem
In cortical blindness
Your brain is fine but you can not see due to damage to your eye.
A central nervous system is needed to be able to learn and remember (True/False)
False
List what type of processing (visual, auditory, multisensory, spatial, decision making, autonomic function, thermoregulation) happens in each of the cortical lobes listed. Frontal, Parietal, Occipital and Temporal
Frontal= decision making, Parietal= spatial, Occipital= visual and Temporal= auditory
Which statement is true? (The ventral visual…)
The ventral visual system processes what information and sends information towards the temporal lobe. The dorsal visual system processes where information and send information towards the parietal lobe.
In the split brain film you saw in class, if a word is shown to the right brain (presented to the left visual field) the person can
Draw the object but not name it
Which of the following people was considered a nativist?
Rene Descartes
In studying memory, Ebbinghaus was concerned that his data would be affected by the fact that he was more familiar with some words than others. He avoided this by:
using three-letter nonsense words.
Please fill in the brain structure indicated by the lines in the image below from the list of potential brain areas listed below: brainstem, spinal cord, parietal cortex and cerebellum
1= parietal cortex, 2= cerebellum, 3= brainstem and 4=spinal cord
The brain is organized such that the right hemisphere controls the left side of the
body. This is an example of something being
contralateral
In a split brain patient which area is damaged
corpus callosum
The decerebrate preparation reveals that the spinal cord needs to receive commands from higher cortical areas (descending control) to generate reflexes such as the knee-jerk reflex. (True/False)
false
Which is not a mechanism involved in decreasing overall neuronal activity?
Decreasing the size of the synaptic cleft
In comparison to EEG, the fMRI technique:
has better spatial precision
Hemodynamic imaging provides great temporal information, the timing of when things happen in the brain (True/False)
false
Which part of a neuron integrates (sums or combines) incoming information?
cell body
What is the name of the narrow gap across which neurons pass chemical messages to
each other?
synapse
Which part of a neuron is myelinated?
axon
Receptors linked to ion-gated channels can influence the postsynaptic neuron more slowly than receptors linked to second messenger systems. (True/False)
false
Neurotransmitters are intrinsically (by nature) inhibitory or excitatory (True/False)
false
Neurons which are broadly tuned
respond to many stimuli
If a researcher uses EEG to measure the brain’s response to a visual stimulus, neurons
other than those that respond to visual stimuli will also be active. How do
researchers determine which neurons are responding only to the visual stimulus?
They take the average of many trials to average out the noise
Most neurons can produce and release _____ and can receive and respond to____
just one neurotransmitter; many different neurotransmitters
Which neurotransmitter helps regulate appetite, aggression, mood and sleep?
Serotonin)
For the areas of cortex below, which is true?
1 is motor cortex, 2 is somatosensory cortex, 3 is auditory cortex, 4 is visual cortex
Which type of memory stores facts and general world knowledge?
Semantic memory
One difference between episodic and semantic memory is that semantic memory ____ while episodic
memory _______.
usually requires several exposures, is acquired in a single exposure
Memories that are not always consciously accessible and are difficult to verbalize are called:
nondeclarative memories.
If you run into your professor in the grocery store, you may be less likely to recognize her in this new
context than when you see her in your regular classroom. This demonstrates the phenomenon of:
transfer-appropriate processing.
Proactive interference is when:
old information disrupts new learning
Retrograde amnesia is when:
you can’t remember old memories.
Damage to the mamillary bodies, as happens in Korsakoff’s disease in chronic alcoholism, leads to
confabulation.
The time period during which new memories are vulnerable and easily lost is called a(n) ______ period.
consolidation
A disruption of the ability to process a particular kind of information, such as difficulty recognizing an
object by sight but not by touch, is known as:
agnosia.
Someone with damage to the hippocampal region would most likely suffer which of the following?
difficulty acquiring new episodic memories
If you suppress (inhibit) the frontal cortex you
remember better
The type of declarative memories for storing facts are stored in the
sensory cortex
Which is the hippocampus, A, B, C or D?
A (seahorse shape)
In several studies, participants were given a list of related words to learn, such as DREAM,
AWAKE, REST, TIRED. When later asked if they recognized the “theme” word (e.g., SLEEP) which
had never been presented, it was found that:
they falsely recognized the theme word but failed to recognize the studied words
What did patient HM teach us about memory? What type of memory did he lose? What part of his
brain was damaged?
Declarative episodic memories
In the graph below which shows how episodic memories change with repeated exposure
A or B
B
Which of the following is the best example of a closed skill?
playing a particular piece on the piano
Research on twins’ performance on the rotary pursuit task shows that, as training progressed:
fraternal twins’ performance became less similar, less correlated.
If a child wants to learn to write his name by using spaced practice, he should write his name:
once every day for several weeks.
The policeman has you touch your index finger to your nose because
your cerebellum, one of the first areas effected by alcohol, controls non- declarative skills
If a mother wants her son to implicitly learn to use correct grammar, she should:
always use correct grammar when she speaks to him.
A subject learns to press keys after seeing a string of digits containing a fixed sequence,
which the subject is not consciously aware of. At trial 6 you introduce a new string of digits
and reaction time continues to decrease (NOT increase as in the graph from class)
learning reflects motor improvement, not implicit learning of the sequence
If Madeleine wants to learn two simple perceptual-motor skills most effectively, she should
practice them on separate days
Which brain area is important for controlling movement velocity, direction, and amplitude?
basal ganglia
Rats with damage to the basal ganglia:
have trouble learning to navigate a radial maze where only illuminated arms contain food.
As you learn a new perceptual-motor skill, the amount of cortex active ____ with practice.
increases rapidly at first, and then more slowly
