Chapter 2 Flashcards
What is an atom?
It has a nucleus with protons +and neutrons(neutral) and with electrons - orbiting around nucleus in designated shells
What is an ion?
When an atom gains or loses electrons and has a charge(positive or negative)
What is the atomic #?
The # of protons in an atom and this determines what element it is
What is the atomic mass/weight?
The avg mass of all the naturally occurring isotopes of an element(neutrons)
What is an isotope?
Atoms of same element with diff # neutrons
What are Molecules?
Two or more atoms bonded together using chemical bonds
What are 3 types of bonds?
Ionic-positively and negatively charged ions are attracted to each other i.e. Nacl-not as strong as covalent
Covalent-two atoms share electrons-strongest type of bond
Polar-ie h20 oxygen attracts the hydrogens more strongly
Non polar
Hydrogen-weakest. Weak intermolecular bonds i.e. H2o
What is metabolism?
Sum of all chemical reactions in body
What is an Exergonic reaction?
Chemical reactions that give off energy
What is an endergonic reaction?
Requires energy to take place
What is a catalyst?
Decrease the amount of energy needed for a reaction
Most are enzymes
What is an anabolic reaction?
Build up larger molecules
Synthesis reactions
What is a catabolic reaction?
Breaks apart molecules-
Decomposition reaction
What is an inorganic compound?
Simple molecules that usually lack carbon
What is an organic compound?
Always contains carbon hydrogen and usually o2 has covalent bonds
What is most abundant inorganic compound in bodies
Water
Characteristics of water
Main characteristic is polarity Solvent Stable polar medium High heat capacity Forms hydrogen bonds
What is an acid?
Gives off H+ in solution-hydrogen ions
What is a base?
Gives off oh- in solution(hydroxyl ions)
What is ph?
A scale from 0-14 where 0-6 is more acidic and 8-14 are more basic
7 is neutral
What are cho’s?
Sugars to give body energy
What are the forms of cho’s?
Monosaccharides-simple-glucose, fructose, galactose- useful for making rna and dna
Disaccharides-2 monosaccharides-sucrose, lactose, maltose
Polysaccharides-long structures of monosaccharides. Good for storing energy i.e. Glycogen
What is a lipid?
Non polar hydrophobic oil/fat molecules. Insoluble in water
Provide protection, insulation and energy
What are triglycerides?
Most common lipid in our bodies
Stored in adipose tissue
What is a Phospholipid?
Crucial for the formation of cell membranes
Polar phosphate head and two non polar lipid tails
Forms lipid portion of cell membrane
What is a steroid?
Molecules made from a 4 c ring.
I.e. Cholesterol
Testosterone, estrogen, cortisol
What are proteins?
Can have complicated shapes Made of 20 diff amino acids Amino acids joined by peptide bonds Two amino acids-dip emptied Longer chains-polypeptide
What is an enzyme
Proteins that act as catalysts for specific chemical reactions in our bodies
What is dna?
Deoxyribonucleic acid. Double helix. Genetic code in base pairs
Adenine thymine
Guanine cytosine
Found in nucleus
What is rna?
Ribonucleic acid-single strand structure
Relays genetic code from dna to ribosomes so that proteins can be made
Adenine uracil
Guanine and cytosine
What is atp?
Adenosine triphosphate
Energy molecule
The 3rd phosphate can be broken to release energy for the cells and this creates adp
Can put phosphate back to store energy
What is hydrophilic?
Substances with polar covalent bonds that dissolve in water-water loving
What is hydrophobic
Substances with non polar covalent bonds i.e. Lipids
What is an acid?
Substance that releases h+ ions
What is a base?
Substance the releases oh-ions
What is amphipathic?
Something that is both polar and non polar i.e. Phospholipid
What happens if protein is denatured?
In a hostile environment it loses its characteristic shape and function
What are nucleotides?
Basic units of nucleic acids
Nitrogenous base
Pentose sugar
Phosphate group
