Chapter 2

Question 1

Pharmaceutics

Answer 1

• The study of how various drug forms influence the way in which the drug affects the body
• Dissolution-dissolving of solid dosage forms and their absorption

Question 2

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 2

-The study of what the body does to the drug
     Absorption
     Distribution
     Metabolism
     Excretion

Question 3

Enteral Route

Answer 3

-The drug is absorbed into the systemic circulation through the oral or gastric mucosa or the small intestine
      Oral
      Sublingual
      Buccal
      Rectal (can also be topical)

Question 4

Parenteral Route

Answer 4

• Intravenous (fastest delivery into the blood circulation)
• Intramuscular
• Subcutaneous
• Intradermal
• Intraarterial
• Intrathecal
• Intraarticular

Question 5

Topical Route

Answer 5

• Skin (including transdermal patches)
• Eyes
• Ears
• Nose
• Lungs (inhalation)
• Rectum
• Vagina

Question 6

Distribution

Answer 6

Transport of a drug by the bloodstream to its site of action

Question 7

Metabolism

Answer 7

• Also referred to as biotransformation
• Biochemical alteration of a drug into an inactive metabolite, a more soluble compound, a more potent active metabolite (as in the conversion of an inactive prodrug to its active form), or a less active metabolite

Question 8

Half-life

Answer 8

time required for half (50%) of a given drug to be removed from the body

Question 9

Peak level

Answer 9

highest blood level of a drug

Question 10

Trough level

Answer 10

lowest blood level of a drug

Question 11

Toxicity

Answer 11

occurs if the peak blood level of the drug is too high

Question 12

first-pass effect

Answer 12

the metabolism of a drug before it becomes systemically available, and it reduces the bioavailability of the drug. Therefore, oral doses need to be higher than IV doses because of the first-pass effect.

Question 13

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 13

-The study of what the drug does to the body
The mechanism of drug actions in living tissues
Therapeutic effect
Mechanism of action
Drug–receptor relationships
Enzymes

Question 14

Pharmacotherapeutics

Answer 14

• The clinical use of drugs to prevent and treat diseases
• Defines principles of drug actions—the cellular processes that change in response to the presence of drug molecules
• Drugs are organized into pharmacologic classes

Question 15

Tolerance

Answer 15

decreasing response to repeated drug doses

Question 16

Dependence

Answer 16

physiologic or psychological need for a drug

Question 17

Physical dependence

Answer 17

physiologic need for a drug to avoid physical withdrawal symptoms

Question 18

Psychological dependence

Answer 18

also known as addiction and is the obsessive desire for the euphoric effects of a drug

Question 19

Pharmacognosy

Answer 19

The study of natural (versus synthetic) drug sources (i.e., plant, animals, minerals)

Question 20

Pharmacoeconomics

Answer 20

• Study of the economic factors influencing the cost of drug therapy
• Cost–benefit analysis

Question 21

Toxicology

Answer 21

• Science of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms
• Clinical toxicology deals specifically with the care of poisoned patients