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chapter 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

hutton

A

geological forces shaped the earth and estimated the world to be millions of years old

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2
Q

lyell

A

processes occurring now volcanoes and earthquakes shaped the earth over long periods of time

earth can change so can life

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3
Q

Lamarck

A

use and disuse

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4
Q

malthus

A

competition: natural selection

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5
Q

evidence of evolution

A

fossil records
geographic distribution- animals w the same environment in different places look the same
homologous structure
embryology

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6
Q

vestigial structures

A

remnants from evolution

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7
Q

relative dating

A

comparing depth of a fossils source stratum to the position of a reference fossil or rock

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8
Q

absolute dating

A

radioactive material

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9
Q

Miller and Urey

A

tried to create life with the materials that were present at the beginning of the earth

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10
Q

proteinoid microspheres

A

but cells but have v simple means of storing and releasing energy and a selectively permeable membrane

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11
Q

law of segregation

A

two copies of each Allele, these separate and one goes to each gamete

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12
Q

multiple alleles

A

more than two possible alleles can exist in a pop

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13
Q

polygenic traits

A

traits controlled by two or more genes

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14
Q

founder effect

A

genetic drift

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15
Q

the hardy Weinberg principle

A 
allele frequencies to remain constant and to reach genetic equil:
random mating 
large population
no movement in or out of pop
no mutations
no natural selection
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16
Q

isolating mechanisms

A

geographical
time
behaviour
ecological

17
Q

convergent evolution

A

species developing similar traits due to similar environments

18
Q

coevolution

A

species that rely on each other

if one changes the other has to change

19
Q

darwins theory

A

individual organisms differ- overproduction of organisms- struggle to survive- limited resources- fitness- organisms that live pass on traits- NATURAL SELECTIONP

20
Q

endosymbiotic hypothesis

A

prokaryotes began living together- mitochondria-atp

chloroplasts- photosynthesis

21
Q

evolution

A

any change in relative frequency of alleles in a pop

22
Q

heritable variation

A

gene shuffling and mutations

23
Q

advantages of classification

A

ability to study the diversity of life with biological meaning

names recognized regardless of language barrier

newly discovered things can be understood better by comparison

see how life evolved on the planet

24
Q

Carolus Linnaeus

A

started science of taxonomy

assigned binomial nomenclature: names made up of genus and species from Latin

grouped animals into hierarchy (kingdom, genus and species)

25
Q

Taxons

A 
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species
26
Q

old 5 kingdoms

A

monera (bacteria 1 celled prokaryotic)
Protista (ameba mainly 1 celled have nucleus and other organelles eukaryotic)
fungi (non motile and can’t photosynthesis É)
plantae (most synthesis and have chloroplasts)
animals (can move depend on organic material)

archetista (viruses)

27
Q

phylogeny

A

categories that represent lines of evolutionary descent from q common ancestor

28
Q

other name for phylogenic tree

A

cladogram

29
Q

monophyletic

A

common ancestor

all descendants

30
Q

paraphgletic

A

common ancestor

some but not all ancestors

31
Q

polyphyletic

A

does not include common ancestor

32
Q

new method of classification

A

includes domain

33
Q

domains

A

bacteria (cell walls w peptidoglycan)
archaea
eukarya

34
Q

node

A

part on cladogram
speciation- derived trait
differs in form of common ancestor

35
Q

more similar Dna of 2 species

A

more recently they shared a common ancestor

36
Q

how humans fit into Taxons

A 
eukarya
animalia 
cordata 
mamalia 
primates
hominidae
homo
sapiens
37
Q

new 6 kingdoms

A 
archaebacteria
eubacteria
Protista
fungi
plantae
animailia

archista

bio (6 decks)

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