Chapter 2

Question 1

Criminology

Answer 1

The scientific study of crime and the causes of criminal behavior

Question 2

Correlation

Answer 2

The relationship between two variables that tend to move in the same direction

Question 3

Causation

Answer 3

The relationship in which a change in one variable creates a recognizable change in another variable

Question 4

Theory

Answer 4

An explanation of a happening or circumstance that is based on observations,experimentations, and reasoning

Question 5

Hypothesis

Answer 5

A possible explanation for an observed occurrence that can be tested by further investigation

Question 6

Rational choice theory

Answer 6

A school of criminology that holds that wrongdoers act as if they weigh the possible benefits of criminal or delinquent activity against the expected costs of being apprehended

Question 7

Biology

Answer 7

The science of living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, and origin

Question 8

Psychology

Answer 8

The scientific study of mental processes and behavior

Question 9

Hormone

Answer 9

A chemical substance produced in tissue and conveyed in the bloodstream, that controls certain cellular and body functions, such as growth and reproduction

Question 10

Testosterone

Answer 10

The hormone primarily responsible for the production of Soren and the development of male secondary sex characteristics, such as the growth of facial and pubic hair and the change in voice pitch

Question 11

Social psychology

Answer 11

The study of how behavior is influenced by the behavior of groups in social situations

Question 12

Social process theories

Answer 12

A school of criminology that considers criminal behavior to be predictable result of a person’s interaction with his or her environment

Question 13

Social conflict theories

Answer 13

A school of criminology that views criminal behavior as the result of class conflict

Question 14

Learning theory

Answer 14

The theory that delinquent and criminals must be taught both the practical and the emotional skills necessary to participate in illegal activity

Question 15

Control theory

Answer 15

A series of theories that assume that all individuals have the potential for criminal behavior, but are restrained by the damage that such actions would do to their relationships with family, friends, and members of the community

Question 16

Life course theory

Answer 16

The study of crime based on the belief that behavioral patterns developed in childhood can predict delinquent and criminal behavior later in life

Question 17

Drug

Answer 17

Any substance that modifies biological, psychological, or social behavior, in particular, an illegal substance with those properties

Question 18

Psychoactive drug

Answer 18

A chemical that affects the brain, causing changes in emotions, perceptions, and behavior

Question 19

Drug abuse

Answer 19

The use of drugs that results in physical or psychological problems for the user, as well as disruption of personal relationships and employment

Question 20

Medical model of addiction

Answer 20

An approach to the drug addiction that treats drug abuse as mental illness and focuses on treating and rehabilitating offenders rather than punishing them

Question 21

Criminal model of addiction

Answer 21

An approach to drug abuse that holds that drug offenders harm society by their actions to the same extent as other criminals and should face the same punitive sanctions

Question 22

Decriminalization

Answer 22

The removal of criminal penalties associated with a product or act which becomes subject only to civil sanctions such as fines and citations

Question 23

Legalization

Answer 23

To make a formerly illegal product or action lawful. In the context of marijuana, the process includes strict regulation, including a ban on sale to or use by minors

Question 24

Uniform crime report (UCR)

Answer 24

An annual report compiled by the FBI to give an indication of criminal activity in the United States

Question 25

Part I offenses

Answer 25

Crimes reported annually by the FBI in its uniform crime report, part I offenses include murder, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny, and motor vehicle theft

Question 26

Part II offenses

Answer 26

All crimes recorded by the FBI that do not fall into the category of part I offenses, these crimes include both misdemeanors and felonies

Question 27

Victim surveys

Answer 27

A method of gathering crime data that direct,y surveys participants to determine their experience as victims of crime

Question 28

Dark figure of crime

Answer 28

A term used to describe the actual amount of crime that takes place. The figure is dark or impossible to detect, because a great number of crimes are never reported to the police

Question 29

Self reported survey

Answer 29

A method of gathering crime data that relies on participants to reveal and detail their own criminal or delinquent behavior

Question 30

Victim

Answer 30

Any person who suffers physical, emotional, or financial harm as the result of a criminal act

Question 31

Repeat victimization

Answer 31

Theory that certain people and places are more likely to be subject to repeated criminal activity and that past victimization is a strong indicator of future victimization

Question 32

Domestic violence

Answer 32

Willful neglect or physical violence that occurs within a familial or other intimate relationship

Question 33

Stalking

Answer 33

The criminal act of causing fear in a person by repeatedly subjecting that person to unwanted or threatening attention