Chapter 2

Question 1

Drug

Answer 1

Any chemical that affects the physiologic processes of a living organism.

Question 2

Pharmacology

Answer 2

Study or science of drugs

Question 3

Chemical Name

Answer 3

Describes the drugs chemical composition and molecular structure.

Question 4

Generic Name

Answer 4

Name given by the United States Adopted Names Council

Question 5

Trade Name

Answer 5

The drug has a registered trademark; use of the name is restricted by the drugs patent owner ( usually the manufacturer)

Question 6

Pharmaceutics

Answer 6

The study of how various drug forms influence the way in which the drug affects the body

Question 7

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 7

The study of what the body does to the drug.
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion

Question 8

Absorption

Answer 8

Variables that affect the completeness and rate of drug absorption.
Route of administration
Rate of dissolution
Surface area
Blood Flow
Lipid Solubility
Ph differences between the site of administration and the plasma
Physiologic condition of the patient

Question 9

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 9

The study of what the drug does to the body.
The mechanism of drug actions in living tissues.
Drug- receptor relationships

Question 10

Pharmacotherapeutics

Answer 10

The clinical use of drugs to prevent and treat diseases.
Defines principles of drug actions - the cellular processes that change in response to the presence of drug molecules.
Drugs are organized into pharmacologic classes.

Question 11

Pharmacognosy

Answer 11

The study of natural ( versus synthetic) drug sources ( I.e., plant, animals, minerals)

Question 12

Pharmaceutics

Answer 12

Different drug dosage forms have different pharmaceutical properties.
Dosage form determines the rate of drug dissolution ( dissolving of solid dosage forms and their absorption from the GI tract).
Enteric-coated tablets
Extended - release forms

Question 13

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 13

A drugs time to onset of action, time to peak effect, and duration of action.
Study of what happens to drug from the time it is put into the body until the parent drug and all metabolites have left the body.

Question 14

Pharmacokinetics: Absorption

Answer 14

Movement of drug from its site of administration into bloodstream for distribution to the tissues.
Bioavailability
First- pass effect

Question 15

Routes

Answer 15

A drugs route of administration affects the rate and extent of absorption of that drug.
Enteral ( GI tract)
Parenteral
Tropical

Question 16

Parenteral Route

Answer 16

Intravenous( fastest delivery into the blood circulation)( I.V.)
Intramuscular ( I.M.) ( into skeletal muscle)
Subcutaneous (S.C.) ( into subcutaneous tissue)
Intradermal ( I.D.) ( into skin)
Intraarterial ( I.A.) ( into arteries)
Intrathecal ( I.T) ( cerebrospinal fluids)
Intraarticular ( Synovial Fluids)
Intraperitoneal ( I.P.) ( peritoneal cavity)

Question 17

Topical Route

Answer 17

Skin
Eyes
Ears
Nose
Lungs (inhalation)
Rectum
Vagina

Question 18

Distribution

Answer 18

The transport of a drug by the bloodstream to its site of action.
Protein- binding
Water- soluble vs. fat- soluble
Blood - brain barrier
Areas of rapid distribution: heart, liver, kidneys, brain
Areas of slow distribution: muscle, skin, fat

Question 19

Metabolism- Biotransformation

Answer 19

The biochemical altercation of drug into an inactive metabolite, more potent active metabolite, or a less active metabolite.
Liver (main organ)
Skeletal Muscle
Kidneys
Lungs
Plasma
Intestinal Mucosa

Question 20

Factors that decrease Metabolism

Answer 20

Cardiovascular Dysfunction
Renal Insufficiency
Starvation
Obstructive Jaundice
Slow acetylator
Ketoconazole Therapy

Question 21

Factors that increase Metabolism

Answer 21

Fast Acetylator
Barbiturate Therapy
Rifampin Therapy
Phenytoin Therapy

Question 22

Excretion

Answer 22

The elimination of drugs from the body.
Kidneys
Liver
Bowel
-Biliary excretion
- Enterohepatic recirculation

Question 23

Half- life

Answer 23

The time it takes for one half of the original amount of a drug to be removed from the body.
A measure of the rate at which a drug is removed from the body.
Most drugs considered to be effectively removed after about five half- lives.
Steady State

Question 24

Drug Actions

Answer 24

The cellular processes involved in the drug and cell interaction.

Question 25

Drug Effect

Answer 25

The physiologic reaction of the body to the drug

- includes onset, peak, and duration of action

Question 26

Onset

Answer 26

The time it takes for the drug to elicit a therapeutic response.

Question 27

Peak

Answer 27

The time it takes for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response.

Question 28

Duration

Answer 28

The time a drug concentration is sufficient to elicit a therapeutic response.

Question 29

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

Answer 29

Peak level - Highest blood level

Trough level- Lowest blood level

Question 30

Pharmacodynamics: Mechanisms of Action

Answer 30

Receptor interactions
Enzyme interactions
Nonselective interactions

Question 31

Drug -Receptor Interactions

Agonist

Answer 31

Drug binds to the receptor; there is a response.

Question 32

Partial Agonist

Answer 32

Drug binds to the receptor; the response is diminished compared with that elicited by an agonist.

Question 33

Antagonist

Answer 33

Drug binds to the receptor; there is no response. Drug prevents binding of agonists.