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The Art Of Reading Buildings > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

5 factors that determine the suitability of a material

A 
Type of material
Shape 
Orientation or plane
Mass
Material surface, rough, smooth
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2
Q

Surface to mass as it relates to FFing

A

The more mass a material has relative to the exposed surface area, the more resistant to heat

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3
Q

When a material degrades it also__________. And a change in shape can cause a change in _________

A

Deforms

Load imposition

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4
Q

Most new buildings are_____________and __________

A

high strength

Low mass

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5
Q

Brittle

Ductile

A

Fracture as it is stressed-
Masonry, tile, cast iron

Bend deflect or stretch as a load is applied
Most metal, plastic and wood

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6
Q

4 basic building materials

A

Wood
Steel
Concrete
Masonry

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7
Q

All native woods are not the same, name 6 types

A 
Hard
Soft
Tight grained
Knotty
Old growth
New growth
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8
Q

How long before Pine and Spruce trees can be cut?

A

25 years

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9
Q

What is Pitch?

A

Found in trees, burns like a petroleum product.

New growth trees have more of it than old growth

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10
Q

Wood used to be cut from:

A

The heart of the tree which was denser and had less pitch

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11
Q

In what year and in what way did wood standards change?

A 
1986, went from Utility, std, construction grade, and select to 
#3,#2, and #1 with 1 being the best
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12
Q

What type of wood used to be used for exterior? Interior?

A

Douglas Fir
White fir, Hemlock

Now the white fir is used on the eXterioir

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13
Q

What’s the difference between full dimensional and nominal dimension lumber?

A

1/2”,

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14
Q

Traditional wood products are primarily

A

Heavy timber
Glue-laminated beams and columns
Sheathing

Different from EWP

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15
Q

Glulams:

A

Made from smaller pieces, used to be strapped together, then glued. Glues are toxic

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16
Q

3 types of sheathing

A

Plywood-altering veneers at 90

Particle Board-pyrolizing flashover

Decorative sheathing-1/8- 3/8- does not support weight

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17
Q

What has replaced plywood?

A

OSB

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18
Q

Can you use Decorative wood sheathing for interior panels?

A

NO, not by code

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19
Q

EWP

A

Transform wood chips, slivers, veneers, shavings and even recycled products to make wood

New growth wood, cellulose, wheat, straw, lots of pitch and loose grained

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20
Q

EWP process

A

Processed, milled, emulsified (add adhesives, and then auto claved( heat and pressure) into shape

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21
Q

6 types of EWP

A 
OSB
LVL-laminated veneer lumber
LSL-strand
CLT-Cross lam timber
GLT-Glue Lam timber
Finger jointed
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22
Q

OSB, describe

A 
Urea-formaldehyde
Degrades in sunlight, moisture and heat
Randomly oriented layers 
Will ignite and burn rapidly
Roof and floor assemblies
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23
Q

LVL

A

Phenolic Resin
Native wood stacked with aligned grains
Designed to have load imposed axial lay and perpendicular to the grain
Beams, joists, rafters, columns, studs, rim boards

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24
Q

LSL-Lam strand or PSL, parallel strand lumber

A

Urea, phenolic resin or phenol formaldehyde
Uses strands oriented in a parallel fashion
Used like LVL, but fails sooner

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25
Q

CLT-cross lam

A 
3-7 layers
Rotated 90 degrees
Structurally sound form of plywood, but thicker
Eco for sound and carbon foot print
Used for columns
26
Q

How is CLT a green product

A

Per 1 ton of wood, it takes 5 times more energy to make concrete,
24 times for steel, and
126 times for aluminum

27
Q

GLT-Glulam Timber

A

Similar to Glulam
Loved by designers for the shapes it can make
Uses pieces of timber
Columns and beams

28
Q

Finger jointed, FJL

A

Using native wood,
Mitered, pressed and glued to make long pieces of lumber
Can make 90 degree pieces!

29
Q

4 types of adhesives used in EWP

A

Urea form
Phenol form
Melamine form
Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate -expensive

30
Q

Steel is made from

A

Iron ore, carbon and an alloy agent

31
Q

3 ways steel is formed

A

Casting, hot rolled or cold rolled…Rick rolled

32
Q

Hot rolled steel - extruded

A

Shaped at temps above the crystallization stage

Thinner sheets and shapes

33
Q

Cold rolled steel

A 
Shaped as it cools
Below crystallization temps
Stronger than hot rolled
Cut or rolled steel
Nuts, bolts, wires, rebar
34
Q

Two weaknesses of steel from a fire service view

A

Engineered for specific applications

Softens and elongates when heated

35
Q

Strength of steel

A

Resists, compression, tension and shear forces

36
Q

Cold rolled steel loses its strength at:

Hot rolled steel:

A

55% at 800

50% at 1100

And it can elongate at 1000 degrees, 10”/100ft

37
Q

Cast iron

A 
Brittle
Good compressive
Ok shear strength
Used to be used structurally, 
Can resist slow heating and cooling, but might explode if cooled too quickly in a fire
38
Q

Aluminum

A 
Most abundant
Soft
Height strength/weight
Ductile
Non corrosive and non magnetic
39
Q

Why does aluminum fail in a fire?

A

Low mass and ductile nature

40
Q

Titanium

A

Similar to Aluminum
Exception to the lightweight view of early failure
Expensive

41
Q

What makes up concrete

A

Portland cement, sand, and aggregate

42
Q

Low slump concrete is

A

Stronger

Lower water to cement ratio

43
Q

High slump concrete

A

Is weaker
Wetter
Flows easier

44
Q

Cured concrete has excellent___________, but poor__ and _____

A

Compressive strength

Shear and tensile

45
Q

Reinforced concrete

A

Poured over rebar, becomes part of cured mass

46
Q

Pre- and post tensioned concrete

A

Has steel cables through the plane of the material, compressing the concrete

47
Q

Precast concrete

A

Slabs, tilt up, roof, walls and floors

48
Q

Monolithic buildings

A

Concrete built with wood forms
One floor at a time
Floors are built on scaffold like platform called false work

49
Q

Unlike steel, concrete is a _____ ________and tends to slowly_________and _________heat. Steel _______ heat

A

Heat sink
Absorb and retain
Conducts

50
Q

Spalling

A

Caused by moisture in the concrete that when heated can cause cracking, cracking can expose rebar which will conduct heat and cause major failure

51
Q

How can concrete buildings be a hazard after a fire to FF?

A

Retain heat, making it strenuous to do overhaul

52
Q

Masonry terms

CMU-
Veneer wall-

A

CMU- concrete masonry unit

Veneer wall- only supports its own weight

53
Q

Mortar is made of

And

A

Sand, cement, and lime, and water

Has little to no tensile or shear strength

54
Q

As axial loads and compressive forces increase

A

Masonry walls get stronger

55
Q

Composites

A

Designed to offer maximum strength with minimal mass

56
Q

Plastics def:

A

Synthetic or semisynthetic material this is made of mold able polymers
Derived from petroleum

57
Q

Plastic can be divided into 2 groups

A

Thermo plastics- can be reheated and reshape do

Thermosetting plastics-use heat to form so reheating will breakdown

58
Q

Industry is the _____leading consumer of plastics

A

2nd

59
Q

Plastic characteristics

A

Melts at low temps and emits very explosive gases

60
Q

Carbon Fiber reinforced polymer CFRP

A

Strong
Expensive-not used
Initially strong until fibers are exposed to flame
Release microscopic carbon particles that can burn
Fucks up circuits

The Art Of Reading Buildings (9 decks)

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