Chapter 2

Question 1

Why use theories?

Answer 1

They provide conceptual frameworks for organizing knowledge and blueprints for action

Question 2

Why study history?

Answer 2

Helps aid managers in the development of management practices and in avoiding the past mistakes of others

Question 3

How are management theories grounded?

Answer 3

They are grounded in reality

Question 4

What theories do managers develop?

Answer 4

Managers develop their own theories about how they should run their organizations

Question 5

What are the viewpoints for Classical Management Perspective?

Answer 5

Scientific Management, and Administrative Management

Question 6

What is Scientific Management?

Answer 6

Concerned with improving the performance of individual workers, grew out of the industrial revolution’s labor shortage at the beginning of the 20th century

Question 7

What is Administrative Management?

Answer 7

A theory that focuses on managing the total organization rather than individuals

Question 8

What are some things about Frederick Taylor?

Answer 8

Replaced rule-of-thumb methods with scientifically-based work methods to eliminate “soldering”,
believed in selecting, training, teaching, and developing workers,
Used time studies, standards planning, exception rule, slide-rules, instruction cards, and piece-work pay systems to control and motivate employees

Question 9

What are the 3 perspectives?

Answer 9

Classical, behavioral, and quantitative

Question 10

Who believed that there is a right way to do things, and then to get trained doing it?

Answer 10

Frederick Taylor

Question 11

What did Frank and Lillian Gilbreth do?

Answer 11

Reduced the number of movements in bricklaying, resulting in increased output of 200%

Question 12

What did Henry Gantt do?

Answer 12

Developed the Gantt chart to improve working efficiency through planning and scheduling

Question 13

What did Harrington Emerson do?

Answer 13

Advocated job specialization in both managerial and operating jobs

Question 14

Name scientific management pioneers

Answer 14

Frederick Taylor, Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, Henry Gantt, Harrington Emerson

Question 15

What did Henri Fayol do?

Answer 15

Helped to systematize the practice of management,

Was first to identify the specific management fuctions of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling

Question 16

What are contributions from classical management today?

Answer 16

Laid foundation for later theoretical developments,
Identified management processes, functions, and skills,
Focused attention on management as a valid subject of scientific inquiry

Question 17

What are limitations from classical management today?

Answer 17

More appropriate approach for use in traditional, stable, simple organizations,
Prescribed universal procedures that are not appropriate in some settings,
Emphasizes as tools rather than resources

Question 18

Name administrative management pioneers

Answer 18

Henri Foyol

Question 19

What is Behavioral Management Perspective?

Answer 19

Emphasized individual attitudes and behaviors, and group processes,
Recognized the importance of behavioral processes in the workplace

Question 20

What Hugo Munsterberg considered?

Answer 20

He is considered the father of industrial psychology

behavioral management perspective

Question 21

What are the Hawthorne Studies?

Answer 21

Conducted by Elton Mayo and associates at Western Electric, intended as a group study of the effects of a piecework incentive plan on production workers, workplace lighting changes unexpectedly affected both control and experimental groups
(Looked at workers)

Question 22

What is another name for the Hawthorne Studies?

Answer 22

The illuminations study

Question 23

What did the Hawthorne Studies interview program confirm?

Answer 23

The importance of human behavior in the workplace

Question 24

What is the Human Relations Movement?

Answer 24

Proposed that workers respond primarily to the social context of work, including social conditioning, group norms, and interpersonal dynamics,
Assumed that the manager’s concern for workers would lead to increased worker satisfaction and improved worker performance

Question 25

What did Abraham Maslow do?

Answer 25

Advanced a theory that employees are motivated by a hierarchy of needs that they seek to satisfy
(looks at the factors that influence your motivation)

Question 26

What did Douglas McGregor do?

Answer 26

Proposed Theory X and Theory Y concepts of managerial beliefs about people and work

Question 27

What is Theory X and Theory Y?

Answer 27

Theory X assumes people try to avoid work, don’t like work, Theory Y is about sharing power

Question 28

What does the emergence of organizational behavior focus on?

Answer 28

Focuses on behavioral perspectives of management

Question 29

What are important organizational behavior topics?

Answer 29

Job satisfaction and stress,
Motivation and leadership, 
Group dynamics and organizational politics,
Interpersonal conflict,
The design of organizations

Question 30

The organizational behavior draws from what?

Answer 30

Psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, and medicine

Question 31

What are contributions to behavioral management today?

Answer 31

Provided insights into motivation, group dynamics, and other interpersonal processes,
Challenged the view that employees are tools and furthered belief that employees are valuable resources,
Focused managerial attention on these critical processes

Question 32

What are limitation to behavioral management today?

Answer 32

Complexity of individuals makes difficult to predict,
Concepts are not used because managers are reluctant to adopt them,
Research findings are not often communicated to practicing managers in an understandable form

Question 33

What is Quantitative Management Perspective?

Answer 33

Things that we can count

Question 34

What is the use of quantitative management?

Answer 34

Focuses on decision making, economic effectiveness, mathematical models, and the use of computers to solve quantitative problems, Helped WWII allied forces manage logistical problems

Question 35

For quantitative management, what is management science?

Answer 35

Focuses on the development of representative mathematical models to assist with decisions

Question 36

For quantitative management, what is operations management?

Answer 36

The practical application of management science to efficiently manage the production and distribution of products and services

Question 37

What are contributions for quantitative management today?

Answer 37

Sophisticated quantitative techniques can assist managers in decision making,
Application of its models has increased awareness and understanding of complex processes and situations,
It is useful in planning and controlling processes

Question 38

What are limitations for quantitative management today?

Answer 38

Mathematical sophistication may come at the expense of other managerial skills,
Its models may require unrealistic or unfounded assumptions, limiting their general applicability
(It cannot fully explain or predict the behavior of people in organizations)

Question 39

What is open system?

Answer 39

An organization that interacts with its external environment, has to pay attention to the outside, what is going on with the competition, government, etc.
(Open=Outside)

Question 40

What is closed system?

Answer 40

An organization that doesn’t interact with its environment, they don’t care about what’s going on, they aren’t around too long

Question 41

What are subsystems?

Answer 41

The importance of subsystems is due to their interdependence on each other within the organization

Question 42

What is the concept of synergy?

Answer 42

Subsystems are more successful working together in a cooperative and coordinated fashion than working alone,
The whole system is more productive and efficient that the sum of its parts (whole system- subsystems working together as one system),

(You are worth more as a team rather than an individual)

Question 43

What is the concept of entropy?

Answer 43

A normal process in which an organizational system declines due to its failing to adjust to change in its environment,
Entropy can be avoided and the organization re-energized through organizational change and renewal,
Normal stage of decline, if no entropy is experienced it can lead to bankruptcy

Question 44

What is Universal Perspective?

Answer 44

Attempted to identify the “one best way” to manage organizations, includes, the classical, behavioral, and quantitative approaches

Question 45

What is Contingency Perspective?

Answer 45

Suggests that each organization is unique,
Appropriate managerial behavior for managing an organization depends (is contingent) on the current situation in the organization

Question 46

What is an Integrative Framework?

Answer 46

Is a complementary way of thinking about theories of management, involves recognition of current system and subsystem interdependencies, environmental influences, and the situation nature of management

Question 47

What are some contemporary issues and challenges?

Answer 47

A sluggish and worrisome economy that limits growth, management of an increasingly diverse workforce, employee privacy, technology that promotes telecommuting, the role of the internet in business strategy, operating and competing in diverse global markets, ethics in corporate governance and social responsibility, quality as the basis for competition, increased productivity, and lower costs, the shift toward a service economy

Question 48

What is human relations movement?

Answer 48

Argued that workers respond primarily to the social context of the workplace