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Experimental Developmental Psychology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Neurons

A

Nerve cells that transmit information with electrochemical signals

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2
Q

Axons

A

Branchlike ends of neurons that send electrochemical signals between cells

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3
Q

Dendrites

A

Branchlike ends of neurons that receive and conduct the electrochemical signals between the cells

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4
Q

Synapse

A

A small gap between neurons

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5
Q

Myelin

A

Sheaths of insulation around axons that facilitates communication between neurons

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6
Q

Artificial Intelligence

A

Human intelligence simulated by machines; a specific field of computer science

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7
Q

Creeping

A

Movement whereby the infant’s abdomen touches the floor and the weight of the head and shoulders rests on the elbows

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8
Q

Crawling

A

Movement on hands and knees; the trunk does not touch the ground

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9
Q

Failure to Thrive (FTT)

A

Medical term for infants whose weight gain and physical growth fall far below average during the first years of life

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10
Q

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

A

Unexpected death of an apparently healthy infant, usually between 2 and 4 months of age

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11
Q

REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep

A

A period of deep sleep marked by eye movements; when vivid dreams occur

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12
Q

Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)

A

Problem common with premature babies; caused by lack of a substance that keeps air sacs in the lungs open

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13
Q

Perception

A

The process of obtaining and interpreting information from stimuli

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14
Q

Habituation

A

A decrease in an infant’s attention

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15
Q

Egocentrism

A

Piaget’s term for the child’s focus on self in early phases of cognitive development

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16
Q

Sensorimotor Period

A

The first 2 years of life

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17
Q

Circular Reactions

A

Piaget’s term for infants’ motor activity that is repeated in developing stages

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18
Q

Primary Circular Reactions

A

Infants’ actions that are focused on their own bodies and reflexes

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19
Q

Secondary Circular Reactions

A

Piaget’s term for infants’ activities that are directed toward objects and events outside themselves

20
Q

Coordination of Secondary Schemes

A

Piaget’s term for when infants continue secondary schemes to obtain a goal

21
Q

Tertiary Circular Reaction

A

Piaget’s term for repetition with variation; the infant is exploring the world’s possibilities

22
Q

Internalization of Schemes

A

Children’s use of symbols to think about real events without actually experiencing them

23
Q

Object Permanence

A

Refers to children gradually realizing that there are permanent objects around them, even when these objects are out of sight

24
Q

Fast Mapping

A

Children’s use of surrounding context to understand words’ meaning

25
Q

Preintellectual Speech

A

Vygotsky’s category for cooing, crying, babbling, and bodily movements that develop into more sophisticated forms of speech

26
Q

Naive Psychology

A

Vygotsky’s stage in which children explore objects and label objects as they acquire the grammar of their speech

27
Q

Egocentric Speech

A

The form of speech in which children carry on lively conversations with themmselves or others

28
Q

Inner Speech

A

Internal speech that often accompanies physical movements, guiding behavior

29
Q

Cooing

A

Early language sounds that resemble vowels

30
Q

Babbling

A

Infants’ production of sounds approximating speech between 5 and 7 months

31
Q

Phonology

A

Sounds of a language

32
Q

Semantics

A

Meaning of words and sentences

33
Q

Syntax

A

The way in which words are put together to construct sentences

34
Q

Pragmatics

A

Ability to communicate with others

35
Q

Word Spurt

A

Rapid increase of vocabulary from 18 months to 3 years

36
Q

Holophrases

A

One word that can communicate many meanings and ideas

37
Q

Telegraphic Speech

A

Initial multiple-word utterances, usually two or three words

38
Q

Reciprocal Interactions

A

Interactions that shape relationships with others

39
Q

Attachment

A

Behavior intended to keep a child (or adult) in close proximity to a significant other

40
Q

Ethology

A

Scientific field that stresses behavior is strongly influenced by biology and is linked to evolution

41
Q

Strange Situation

A

Measure designed to assess the quality of attachment

42
Q

Temperament

A

Individual differences; unique and stable styles of behaving

43
Q

Goodness of Fit

A

Concept coined by Chess and Thomas (1977) that describes the match between a child’s temperament and his/her environment

44
Q

New York Longitudinal Study

A

Long-term study by Chess and Thomas of the personality characteristics of children

45
Q

Sensitive Responsiveness

A

The ability to recognize the meaning of a child’s behavior

46
Q

Infantile Amnesia

A

The inability to remember events from early in life

Experimental Developmental Psychology (2 decks)

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