Chapter 2

Question 1

Deciduous Denttion

Answer 1

The Baby Teeth
3 types are
Incisors
Canine
Molars

Question 2

Deciduous Denttion- The Baby Teeth
3 types are ?
At what months do each erupt ?

Answer 2

Starting from middle front to back on one side
Incisors - 7, 8 months
Canine- 17
Molars- 13,22

Question 3

Adult Teeth
4 types
what years do they come in at ?

Answer 3

Years each come in starting front middle to out on one side
Incisors        7,8
Canine                  11
Premolars         10,11
Molars        6,           12,18

Question 4

Developmental indicators that lead to age of bones
Diaphysis
Epiphyses

Epiphyseal Fusion

Answer 4

Diaphysis= the long bones:
- bones in arms, legs, hands, and feet
Epiphyses- two endcaps

Fusion: shaps and endcaps fuse to one another duruing growth at a set time during teen years
All used to calculate age in a yonger person’s remains

Question 5

Cranial sutures

Answer 5

the places where the different cranial plates come together and fuse through time

Question 6

Pubic symphysis

Answer 6

Good to indicate age of death
the faces of the left and right pubic bones go through a regular age dependant sequences of changes
Symphsis = the process of growing together

Question 7

Pathology

used to ?

Answer 7

• the study of disease
  206 bones in body, healed bone brakes, malnutrition during growth, diet deficiency, poisons, arthritis, ect… conditions leave traces on bones and can be read by specialist in pathology

Question 8

Stratigraphic

Answer 8

Related to the geological or cultural layer in which something has been found.
Stratigraphic layering represents a relative sequence of geological time and/or cultural chronology

Layering of the Earth’s Surfaces
studies rock layering
looking at the layers we can date things.

Question 9

Dating techniques based on Radioactive Decay

Absolute or relative?

Answer 9

1. Radiometric dating
   provide
   - Absolute dates
   Not- Relative dates

Question 10

K/Ar Dating

Answer 10

same as Argon/argon dating

Question 11

Argon/argon dating old terminology

Answer 11

K/Ar Dating

Question 12

Argon/argon dating

Answer 12

new method of K/Ar dating
more accurate- can be extreamely accurate
- you e measure the amount of argon 40 buildup in volcanic rock

Question 13

Half-Life

Answer 13

Measurement of amount of time it takes for half of the radioactive isotope in a given sample to decay into a stable form
The half life of radiocarbon for example is 5,730 years while that of radioactive potassium is 1.3 billion years

Question 14

Carbon Dating

Answer 14

decay of carbon provides a natural clock
Radiocarbon dating or carbon dating
- less than about 50,000 ususally old

Accelerator mass spectrometry ASM
- another method of Carbon 14 dating
may extend the ranch
but for now its just much smaller samples to be radiocarbon-dated

Question 15

Drochronology

Answer 15

• tree-ring dating
  extreamly acurate biological dating echnique
  4 factors:
  1. trees add groth ring every eyear
  2. the witd of the tree rign is controlled by envioronmental condition such as rianfall or temp
  3. any sequence of varying tree-ring widths over a long period of time is unique
  4. All trees in a given area reflet the same pattern of change through time in tree-ring width

Question 16

Master sequence

Answer 16

tree ring width variation over many years has been deveolped

by overlaping ring sequences of living trees with those of old dead trees

Question 17

Calibration Curve

Answer 17

• allows a radiocarbon date within this period to be converted to a calendar year date

Question 18

Varves

Answer 18

A varve is an annual layer of sediment or sedimentary rock. The word ‘varve’ derives from the Swedish word varv whose meanings and connotations include ‘revolution’, ‘in layers’, and ‘circle’.

Question 19

Luminescence dating

Answer 19

measures the amount of energy that is trapped in mate-surrounding soil
such energy is released at a set rate in a given soil, so the amount captured in a site materials reflects their age

Question 20

Thermoluminescence or TL

Answer 20

amount of energy captured by archaeological material over time,
age can be calculated by releasing the energy by heat

Question 21

Optically stimulated luminescence or OSL

Answer 21

use laser light
to release heat in archaeological material
to date a sample