Chapter 2

Question 1

Industrial Revolution

Answer 1

A period of rapid and destabilizing social, economic, and political changes caused by the introduction of large-scale factory production, originating in England in the middle of the eighteenth century.

Question 2

Hegemonic Power

Answer 2

A state that can control the pattern of alliances and terms of the international order and often shapes domestic political developments in countries throughout the world.

Question 3

Welfare State

Answer 3

A set of public policies designed to provide for citizens’ needs through direct or indirect provision of pensions, health care, unemployment insurance, and assistance to the poor.

Question 4

Laissez-faire

Answer 4

A term taken from the French, which means, “to let do,” in other words, to allow to act freely. In political economy, it refers to the pattern in which state management is limited to such matters as enforcing contracts and protecting property rights, while private market forces are free to operate with only minimal state regulation.

Question 5

Westminister Model

Answer 5

A form of democracy based on the supreme authority of Parliament and the accountability of its elected representatives; named after the Parliament building in London.

Question 6

Neoliberalism

Answer 6

A term used to describe government policies aiming to promote free competition among business firms within the market, including reduced governmental regulation and social spending.

Question 7

Macroeconomic policy

Answer 7

Policy intended to shape the overall economic system by concentrating on policy targets such as inflation and growth.

Question 8

Kensianism

Answer 8

Named after the British economist John Maynard
Keynes, an approach to economic policy in which state economic policies are used to regulate the economy in an attempt to achieve stable economic growth. During recession, state budget deficits are used to expand demand in an effort to boost both consumption and investment, and to create employment. During periods of high growth when inflation threatens, cuts in government spending and a tightening of credit are used to reduce demand.

Question 9

monetarism

Answer 9

An approach to economic policy that assumes a natural rate of unemployment, determined by the labor market, and rejects the instruments of government spending to run budgetary deficits for stimulating the economy and creating jobs.

Question 10

Foreign Direct Investment

Answer 10

Ownership of or investment in cross-border enterprises in which the investor plays a direct managerial role.

Question 11

Gender Gap

Answer 11

Politically significant differences in social attitudes and voting behavior between men and women.

Question 12

Parliamentary Soverignty

Answer 12

The doctrine that grants the legislature the power to make or overturn any law and permits no veto or judicial review.

Question 13

Parliamentary Democracy

Answer 13

System of government in which the chief executive is answerable to the legislature and may be dismissed by

Question 14

Unitary State

Answer 14

In contrast to a federal system, a system of government in which no powers are reserved for subnational units of government.

Question 15

Fusions of Powers

Answer 15

A constitutional principle that merges the authority of branches of government, in contrast to the principle of separation of powers.

Question 16

Cabinet Government

Answer 16

A system of government in which most executive power is held by the cabinet, headed by a prime minister.

Question 17

Constitutional Monarchy

Answer 17

System of government in which the

head of state ascends by heredity but is limited in powers and constrained by the provisions of a constitution

Question 18

Quangos

Answer 18

Acronym for quasi-nongovernmental organizations, the term used in Britain for nonelected bodies that are outside traditional governmental departments or local authorities.

Question 19

Judicial Review

Answer 19

The ability of a high court to nullify actions by the executive and legislative branches of government that in its judgment violate the constitution.

Question 20

Hung Parliament

Answer 20

A situation after an election when no single party comprises a majority in the Commons.

Question 21

Special Relationship

Answer 21

Refers to relations between the United States and Britain and is meant to convey not only the largely positive, mutually beneficial nature of the relationship but also the common heritage and shared values of the two countries.