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Basic EKG > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

TRUE/FALSE

A conduction problem above the level of the bundle branches will largely affect the P wave and PR interval.

A

True

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2
Q

TRUE/FALSE

The period of time during the cardiac cycle when cells cannot respond to a stimulus, no matter how strong, is the relative refractory period.

A

false

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3
Q

TRUE/FALSE

Depolarization is the same as contraction.

A

false

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4
Q

TRUE/FALSE

In most ECG leads, a normal Q wave is less than 0.04 seconds in duration and less than one third the amplitude of the R wave in that lead.

A

true

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5
Q

TRUE/FALSE

The point where the QRS complex and the ST segment meet is called the ST junction or J-point.

A

true

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6
Q

TRUE/FALSE

If the wave of depolarization (electrical impulse) moves toward the positive electrode, the waveform recorded on ECG graph paper will be upright (positive deflection).

A

true

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7
Q

TRUE/FALSE

In the limb leads, the ST segment is normally isoelectric, or less than 1 mm above or below the isoelectric line.

A

true

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8
Q

In most patients, the sinoatrial (SA) and atrioventricular (AV) nodes are supplied by the _____ coronary artery.

A

right

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9
Q

The intrinsic rate of the atrioventricular (AV) bundle is _____ beats/min.

A

40 to 60

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10
Q

How do you determine whether the atrial rhythm on an ECG tracing is regular or irregular?

A

Compare P to P intervals.

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11
Q

_____ is the ability of cardiac pacemaker cells to spontaneously initiate an electrical impulse without being stimulated from another source, such as a nerve.

A

Automaticity

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12
Q

In the heart’s conduction system, the _____ receive(s) an electrical impulse from the bundle of His and relay(s) it to the Purkinje fibers in the ventricular myocardium.

A

right and left bundle branches

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13
Q

In the heart’s conduction system, the _____ receive(s) an electrical impulse from the right and left bundle branches and relay(s) it to the ventricular myocardium.

A

Purkinje fibers

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14
Q

What does the QRS complex represent?

A

Ventricular depolarization

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15
Q

The normal pacemaker of the heart is the _____ node, which is found in the _____ atrium, and has an intrinsic firing rate of _____ beats/min.

A

sinoatrial; right; 60 to 100

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16
Q

On an ECG, what is the first negative deflection seen after the P wave?

A

Q wave

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17
Q

Lead II records the difference in electrical potential between the _____ leg and _____ arm.

A

left; right

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18
Q

Leads II, III, and aVF view the _____ surface of the left ventricle.

A

inferior

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19
Q

The period during the cardiac cycle when cells cannot respond to a stimulus, no matter how strong, is called the _____ period.

A

absolute refractory

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20
Q

Leads I, aVL, V5, and V6 view the _____ surface of the left ventricle.

A

lateral

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21
Q

The absolute refractory period begins with the onset of the _____ and terminates _____.

A

QRS complex;

at approximately the apex of the T wave

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22
Q

The QT interval is measured from the beginning of the _____.

A

QRS complex to the end of the T wave

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23
Q

In an adult, the normal duration of the QRS complex is _____.

A

0.10 seconds or less

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24
Q

The intrinsic rate of the Purkinje fibers is _____ beats/min.

A

20 to 40

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25
Q

The intrinsic rate of the SA node is _____ beats/min.

A

60 to 100

26
Q

On the ECG, the T wave represents _____.

A

ventricular repolarization

27
Q

On the ECG, the time necessary for the spread of an electrical impulse through the AV node, bundle of His, right and left bundle branches, and the Purkinje fibers is reflected by the _____.

A

PR segment

28
Q

The portion of the ECG tracing between the QRS complex and the T wave is called the ____.

A

ST segment

29
Q

Which of the following is the first positive deflection seen on the ECG after the P wave?

A

R wave

30
Q

_____ cells are working cells of the heart that contain contractile filaments and form the muscular layer of the atrial walls and the thicker muscular layer of the ventricular walls.

A

Myocardial

31
Q

When the cardiac muscle cell is stimulated, the cell is said to _____.

A

depolarize

32
Q

On the ECG, the P wave represents atrial _____ and the QRS complex represents ventricular _____.

A

depolarization; depolarization

33
Q

_____ is a term used to describe the period of recovery that cells need after being discharged before they are able to respond to a stimulus.

A

Refractoriness

34
Q

Tall, peaked T waves observed on the ECG are most commonly seen in patients with _____.

A

hyperkalemia

35
Q

Which part of the conduction system receives an impulse from the bundle of His and relays it to the Purkinje fibers?

A

Right and left bundle branches

36
Q

Which of the following correctly reflects examples of ectopic (latent) pacemakers?

A

The AV junction and ventricles

37
Q

The PR interval is considered prolonged if it is more than _____ seconds in duration.

A

0.20

38
Q

_____ is the ability of cardiac cells to spontaneously initiate an electrical impulse without being stimulated from another source.

A

Automaticity

39
Q

An ECG lead that has a positive and negative electrode is called a(n) _____ lead.

A

bipolar

40
Q

The appearance of coved (“frowny face”) ST-segment elevation is called a(n) _____ _____ _____.

A

acute injury pattern

41
Q

A line between waveforms is called a(n) _____.

A

segment

42
Q

The cells of the heart that contain contractile filaments are called _____ cells.

A

myocardial

43
Q

ECG changes observed in leads opposite the affected area of the heart; also called mirror image changes

A

Reciprocal changes

44
Q

The QRS complex represents _____ depolarization.

A

Ventricular

45
Q

Each electrode placed in a “V” position is a(n) _____ electrode.

A

Positive

46
Q

Element or compound that breaks into charged particles (ions) when melted or dissolved in water or another solvent

A

Electrolyte

47
Q

An ECG machine is a sophisticated _____.

A

Voltmeter

48
Q

ECG changes observed in leads that look directly at the affected area of the heart

A

Indicative changes

49
Q

The T wave represents ventricular _____.

A

Repolarization

50
Q

The a in aVR, aVL, and aVF

A

Augmented

51
Q

Impulse(s) originating from a source other than the SA node

A

Ectopic

52
Q

The spread of an impulse through tissue already stimulated by that same impulse

A

Reentry

53
Q

Height (voltage) of a waveform on the ECG

A

Amplitude

54
Q

The P wave represents _____ depolarization.

A

Atrial

55
Q

The stimulus that alters the electrical charges across the cell membrane may be electrical, mechanical, or _____.

A

Chemical

56
Q

During this period, a weaker than normal stimulus can cause depolarization of cardiac cells.

A

Supranormal

57
Q

Name the first positive deflection seen after the P wave on the ECG.

A

R wave

58
Q

On the ECG, what do the ST segment and T wave represent?

A

On the ECG, the ST segment represents early ventricular repolarization and the T wave presents ventricular repolarization.

59
Q

Explain the significance of Einthoven’s triangle.

A

Einthoven’s triangle is a means of illustrating that the two arms and the left leg form the apices of a triangle surrounding the heart. The two apices at the upper part of the triangle represent the points at which the two arms connect electrically with the fluids around the heart. The lower apex is the point at which the left leg connects with the fluids.

60
Q

Generally speaking, what is the normal duration of a QT interval?

A

The duration of the QT interval varies according to age, gender, and particularly heart rate. If the QT interval is less than half the RR interval, it is probably normal.

61
Q

List four major electrolytes that influence cardiac function.

A

Sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride

62
Q

Is depolarization the same as contraction? Explain your answer.

A

Depolarization is not the same as contraction. Depolarization (an electrical event) is expected to result in contraction (a mechanical event).

It is possible to see organized electrical activity on the cardiac monitor, yet evaluation of the patient reveals no palpable pulse. This clinical situation is called pulseless electrical activity (PEA).

Basic EKG (9 decks)

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