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Principles of Drug Action > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the “Dose to Effect”?

A

The course of a drug’s action, from dose to effect, can be understood in three phases of action:

  1. administration phase
  2. pharmacokinetic phase
  3. pharmacodynamic phase
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2
Q

What are the three phases of “Dose to Effect”?

A
  1. Administration Phase
  2. Pharmacokinetic Phase
  3. Pharmacodynamic Phase
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3
Q

What is the administration phase?

A

The method by which a drug dose is made available to the body.

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4
Q

What is dosage form?

A

the physical state o the drug in association with non-drug components such as the vehicle (tablet, capsule, etc.)

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5
Q

What is the “route of administration”?

A

Portal entry of the drug into the body (oral, injection, inhalation)

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6
Q

What is the active ingredient in a dosage form?

A

drug

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7
Q

Dose formulas also contain other ingredients such as?

A
  • capsule material
  • propellants
  • preservatives
  • dispersing agents
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8
Q

What are the common dosage forms for routes of Adminstration?

A 
Enteral
Parenteral
Inhalation
Transdermal
Topical
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9
Q

What are the types of common dosage form for ENTERAL?

A
  • Tablet
  • Capsule
  • Suppository
  • Elixir
  • Suspension
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10
Q

What are the types of common dosage forms for “PARENTERAL” ?

A
  • Solution
  • Suspension
  • Depot (implants)
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11
Q

What are the types of common dosage forms for “INHALATION”?

A
  • Gas

- Aerosol

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12
Q

What are the types of common dosage forms for “TRANSDERMAL”?

A
  • Patch

- Paste

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13
Q

What the types of common dosage forms for “TOPICAL”?

A
  • Powder
  • lotion
  • Ointment
  • Solution
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14
Q

What does enteral mean?

A

-Means small intestines

applicable to Administration of drugs intended for absorption anywhere along the GI Tract

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15
Q

What is the most common form of route administration for ENTERAL?

A

Oral (painless, convenient, flexibility, in dose form)

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16
Q

In order to give the ENTERAL route of Administration it requires:

A
  • patient’s ability to swallow in most cases

- airway protective reflexes should be intact

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17
Q

What is the route of administration PARENTERAL mean?

A

“besides the intestines”, route of administration other then enteral

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18
Q

What is the most common route of administration for PARENTERAL?

A
  • Intravenous (IV)- injected directly into the vein
  • Intramuscular (IM)- Injected deep into a skeletal muscle
  • Subcutaneous (SC)- Injected into the subcutaneous layer of tissue
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19
Q

What does Intravenous (IV) mean?

A

Injected directly into the vein

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20
Q

What does Subcutaneous (SC) mean?

A

Injected into the subcutaneous layer of tissue

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21
Q

WHat does intramuscular (IM) mean?

A

Injected deep into a skeletal muscle

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22
Q

What does the route of administration “Transdermal” mean?

A
  • applied to the skin to produce a systemic effect
  • can supply long-term continuous effects
  • decreases the fluctuations in plasma rug levels
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23
Q

What is the route of administration for INHALATION mean?

A

-Can be given for systemic or local effects

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24
Q

What is the most common form for route of administration for INHALATION?

A
  1. GAS- (Anesthesia- gives systemic effects)

2. Aerosolized- (respiratory care meds- provide a local effects)

25
Q

What does the route of administration for TOPICAL mean?

A

applied directly to the skin or mucous membrane to produce a local effect.

26
Q

Whatt is the mot common form of Administration for TOPICAL?

A
  • Creams
  • Eye Drops
  • Nasal Drops
27
Q

What does the pharmacokinetic phase mean?

A 
Describes the time and disposition of a drug in the body
Defined by four stages of action:
1.absorbtion
2.Distribution 
3.Metabolism 
4.Elimination
28
Q

What are the four phases to the Pharmacokinetic Phase?

A
  1. absorption
  2. distribution
  3. metabolism
  4. elimination
29
Q

what is absorption?

A

the movement of the drug into the bloodstream.

In order to have a drug action, the drug must be absorbed.

30
Q

The route of administration determines which barriers to absorption must be crossed. What are they and what does it mean?

A
  1. Enteral- acidic environment, endothelial lining of the stomach
  2. Inhalation- Mucosal barriers in the airways
  3. Parenteral-absorption bypassed when given IV
31
Q

What does distribution mean?

A

Movement of drug to the desired site of action.
To be effective at its desired site of action, a drug must have a certain plasma concentration.
Rate of absorption versus the rate of elimination
(the volume of drug)

32
Q

What does metabolism mean?

A

The process by which the boy breaks down and converts medication into active chemical substance.
The liver is the main organ for rug metabolism (metabolism also takes place in thee lungs, intestinal wall, an endothelial vascular wall)
-Enzymes play a role in metabolism
-First pass effect

33
Q

What is the FIRST PASS EFFECT?

A
  • Only happens with oral medications
  • If drug is highly metabolized via liver enzymes, most o the drug’s activity will be terminated in its passage through the liver
  • Less drug will reach it’s intended target
34
Q

What is the primary site for Elimination?

A

The primary site of drug exertion is the kidney

35
Q

What is the clearance for elimination?

A
  • Measurement of the boy’s ability to rid itself of a drug

- total systemic or plasma clearance

36
Q

Liver and kidney disease can alter the clearance of?

A

a drug by these organs

37
Q

What does maintenance dose mean in elimination?

A

To achieve a steady level off dug in the body, dosing must equal the rate of elimination

38
Q

What does plasma half life mean in elmination?

A

The time required for the plasma concentration of the drug to decrease by one half

39
Q

What is the pharmacokinetics of inhaled drugs aerosol drugs?

A
  • it is thought that aerosol drugs interact with the site of action in the airway (secretion, nerve endings, cells, bronchial smooth muscles)
  • exact mechanism by which an aerosol drug reaches the appropriate site is not fully understood
  • if the drug is not removed by mucociliary clearance or locally inactivated, it maybe absorbed and will increase the systemic availability of the drug
40
Q

Inhaled aerosols are actually topical agents but can be intended for?

A

local or systemic effects

41
Q

what type of inhaled aerosol drugs are local?

A

Albuterol

afrin

42
Q

What type of inhaled aerosol drugs are systemic?

A

morphine
relenza
insulin

43
Q

Based on Stephen Newman’s classic measurement in 1981 with an MDI approximately how much is swallowed and inhaled?

A

90% of the drug is swallowed

10% of the drug is inhaled

44
Q

The percentages for the MDI swallowed and inhaled depend on?

A
  • Technique

- Device

45
Q

What is the pharmacodynamic phase?

A

mechanisms of drug action by which a drug molecule causes its effect in the body (what the drug does to the body)

46
Q

In the Pharmacodynamic phase most drugs exert their effect by binding to protein targets. What are the protein targets?

A
  • Receptors
  • Enzymes
  • Ion Channels
  • Carrying molecules
47
Q

Instead of binding to protein some drugs exert their effects by interacting with?

A

DNA

48
Q

What are drug receptors?

A
  • Most are proteins or polypeptides, whose shape and electric charge provides a match to a drugs corresponding chemical shape and charge
  • The attachment of a drug to its receptor results in a clinical response
49
Q

Respiratory Therapists are concerned with 3 main receptors. What are they?

A
  • Alpha
  • Beta 1
  • Beta 2
50
Q

What is the receptor Alpha cause?

A

Causes peripheral vasoconstriction

51
Q

What does the receptor Beta 1 cause?

A

Causes increase heart rate and contractile force

52
Q

What does the receptor Beta 2 cause?

A

Causes Bronchodilation

53
Q

What does Agonist mean?

A

Drug or chemical that binds to a corresponding receptor (has affinity) and initiates a cellular effect or response (has efficacy)

54
Q

What does Antagonist mean?

A

Drug or chemical that binds to a receptor (has affinity) but causes no response (zero efficacy)

55
Q

What is the idiosyncratic effect?

A

Opposite to or unusual or no effect, compared with the usual predicted effect in an individual

56
Q

What is hypersensitivity?

A

Allergic or immune-mediated reaction to a drug

57
Q

What does tolerance mean?

A

Decreasing intensity of response to a drug over time

58
Q

What does tachyphylaxis mean?

A

rapid decrease in responsiveness to a drug

59
Q

What does pharmaccogenetic?

A

Refers to hereditary differences in the way the body handles specific drugs

Principles of Drug Action (1 decks)

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