Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Pattern evidence

A

Produced by direct contact between a person and an object or between two objects (like lip prints)

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2
Q

Conditional evidence

A

Produced by a specific event or action, important in crime scene reconstruction (lip prints, etc)

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3
Q

Transfer evidence

A

Produced by contact between person(s) or object(s) or between person(s) or …

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4
Q

Associative evidence

A

Items that may associate a victim of suspect with a scene of each other (ex personal belongings)

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5
Q

Physical evidence

A

Tangible items that tend to prove some material fact (real evidence)

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6
Q

Testimonial evidence

A

What is said in court by a competent witness

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7
Q

Direct evidence

A

What is said in court by a competent witness

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8
Q

Prima facie evidence

A

What is said in court by a competent witness. (Testimonial and direct evidence)

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9
Q

Indirect evidence

A

Evidence providing only a basis for inference about the disputed fact

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10
Q

Circumstantial evidence

A

Evidence based on suggestion rather than personal knowledge or observation

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11
Q

Individual evidence

A

Material that can be related to a single source; individualizations always involves a comparison

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12
Q

Class evidence

A

Material that can be associated only with a group of items that share properties or characteristics

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13
Q

Probative value

A

The ability of evidence to prove something that is material to a crime

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14
Q

Questioned or unknown sample

A

Material that has been collected from a known location but is of unknown origin

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15
Q

Known or control sample

A

Material that comes from a proven or known source

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16
Q

Value of physical evidence (9 points)

A
  • may prove that a crime has been committed
  • establish key elements of a crime
  • link a suspect with
  • establish the identity
  • corroborate verbal witness
  • exonerate the innocent
  • give detectives leads
  • can be any material or object
  • if can take on almost any form
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17
Q

Ronald cottons case

A

How eye witness isn’t always reliable (where he went to jail for 11 years said he was innocent and the dna testing happened and they found out it was Bobby Poole)

18
Q

What is evidence

A

Something that tends to establish or disapprove a fact

19
Q

Most known cases of an innocent person being convicted happened because of a

A

Mistaken eye-witness identification

20
Q

Eyewitness reliability (8 points)

A
  • type of crime and how the witness saw it
  • victims of serious crime relieve the event in their mind (more accurate)
  • some witness are better at remembering than others (age, etc)
  • interviewing techniques
  • crime scene was too dark, encounter was too brief, presence of a weapon as a distraction
  • the stress & fear involved in witnessing a crime may sharper some peoples focus and confused others
  • time between the crime and questioning
  • new information (reviewing mug shots or being asked leading questions)
21
Q

Transient evidence

A

Temporary, easily changed or lost; usually observed by the first officer at the scene

22
Q

The more __________ there is, the greater the weight it carries

A

Circumstantial evidence

23
Q

The Frye standard

A

Commonly called the general acceptance test, scientific evidence is admissible at trial only if the methodology on which the opinion is based have gained general acceptance in the particular field

24
Q

The daubert ruling

A

An updated revision of the frye standard that applies only in federal courts. The trial judge must assume responsibility for admissibility and validity of evidence presented in his or her court.

25
Q

Crime scene

A

Any physical location in which a crime has occurred or is suspected of having occurred

26
Q

Primary crime scene

A

The original location of a crime or accident

27
Q

Secondary crime scene

A

An alternative location, such as where additional evidence may be found

28
Q

Suspect

A

Person thought to be capable of committing a crime

29
Q

Accomplice

A

Second person associated with committing a crime

30
Q

Alibi

A

Statement of where a suspect was at the time of a crime

31
Q

Evidence can be divided into two general types

A
  • direct

- physical

32
Q

_____ more reliable than testimonial evidence

A

Physical evidence

33
Q

Physical evidence items would be presented in a crime investigation to _____ or ____ disprove the facts of the issue

A

Prove, disapprove

34
Q

Examples of transient evidence

A

Oder, temperature, imprints & indentations

35
Q

Examples of pattern evidence

A

-imprints, indentations, markings, blood spatter, glass fracture, fire burn pattern, furniture position

36
Q

Example of conditional evidence

A

Light, scene, body, vehicles, location (of injuries or wounds, bloodstains, etc), fire (color & direction of flames, speed of spread), smoke (color, direction of travel, density, etc)

37
Q

Evidence by nature

Biological examples

A

Blood, semen, saliva, sweat

38
Q

Evidence by nature

Chemical examples

A

Fibers, glass, soul, metal

39
Q

Evidence by nature

Physical examples

A

Fingerprints, shoe prints, handwriting, fire arms

40
Q

Evidence by nature

Miscellaneous examples

A

Laundry masks, voice analysis, polygraph

41
Q

The _____ evidence would be any witnessed accounts of an incident of crime

A

Testimonial

42
Q

What does not prove a fact

A

Indirect evidence