Chapter 2

Question 1

The Perceived

Answer 1

Attributes, motives, interests, experiences, expectations

Question 2

The Target

Answer 2

Novelty, motion, sounds, size, background, proximity

Question 3

The Situation

Answer 3

Time, work setting, social setting

Question 4

Attribution Theory

Answer 4

The theory that when we observe what seems to be atypical behaviour by an individual, we attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused

Question 5

Distinctiveness

Answer 5

A behavioural rule that asks whether an individual acts similarly across a variety of situations

Question 6

Consensus

Answer 6

A behavioural rule that asks if everyone faced with a similar situation responds in the same way

Question 7

Perception

Answer 7

The process by which individuals select, organize, and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.

Question 8

Fundamental Attribution Error

Answer 8

The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgements about the behaviours of others

Question 9

Self-serving Bias

Answer 9

The tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes to internal factors while putting the blame for failures on external factors

Question 10

Selective Perception

Answer 10

People’s selective interpretation of what they see based on their interests, background, experiences, and attitudes

Question 11

Halo Effect

Answer 11

Drawing a general impression of an individual on the basis of a single characteristic

Question 12

Contrast Effects

Answer 12

The concept that our reaction to one person is often influenced by other people we have recently encountered

Question 13

Projection

Answer 13

Attributing one’s own characteristics to other people

Question 14

Stereotyping

Answer 14

Judging someone on the basis of one’s perception of the group to which that person belongs

Question 15

Heuristics

Answer 15

Judgement shortcuts in decision making

Question 16

Prejudice

Answer 16

An unfounded dislike of a person or group based on their belonging to a particular stereotyped group

Question 17

Self-fulfilling Prophecy

Answer 17

A concept that proposes a person will behave in ways consistent with how he/she is perceived by others

Question 18

Personality

Answer 18

The stable patterns of behaviour and consistent internal states that determine how an individual reacts to and interacts with others

Question 19

Heredity

Answer 19

Factors that were determined at conception

Question 20

Personality Traits

Answer 20

Enduring characteristics that describe an individual’s behaviour

Question 21

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Answer 21

A personality test that taps four characteristics and classifies people into 1 of 16 personality types

Question 22

The Big Five Personality Model

Answer 22

Five basic personality dimensions that include most of the significant variations in human personality

Question 23

Extraversion

Answer 23

Describes the degree to which someone is sociable, talkative, and assertive

Question 24

Agreeableness

Answer 24

Describes the degree to which someone is good-natured, cooperative, warm, and trusting

Question 25

Consciousness

Answer 25

Describes the degree to which someone is responsible, dependable, persistent, and achievement-oriented

Question 26

Emotional Stability

Answer 26

Characterizes someone as calm, self-confident, and secure, versus nervous, depressed, and insecure

Question 27

Openness to Experience

Answer 27

Describes the degree to which someone is imaginative, artistically sensitive, and curious

Question 28

Core Self-Evaluation

Answer 28

Degree to which an individual sees himself/herself as capable and effective

Question 29

Mechiavellianism

Answer 29

The degree to which an individual is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, and believes that ends can justify means

Question 30

Narcissism

Answer 30

The tendency to be arrogant, have a grandiose sense of self-importance, require excessive admiration, and have a sense of entitlement

Question 31

Self-Monitoring

Answer 31

Personality trait that measures an individual’s ability to adjust behaviour to external, situational factors

Question 32

Risk-taking

Answer 32

A person’s willingness to take chances

Question 33

Type A Personality

Answer 33

Personality with aggressive involvement in a chronic, incessant struggle to achieve more and more in less and less time and, if necessary, against the opposing efforts of other things or other people

Question 34

Type B Personaltiy

Answer 34

A personality described as easy-going, relaxed, and patient

Question 35

Proactive Personality

Answer 35

A person who identifies opportunities, shows initiative, takes action, and perseveres until meaningful change occurs

Question 36

Affect

Answer 36

A broad range of feelings that people experience

Question 37

Emotions

Answer 37

Intense feelings that are directed at someone or something

Question 38

Moods

Answer 38

Feelings that tend to be less intense than emotions and that lack a contextual solution

Question 39

Emotional Labour

Answer 39

When an employee expresses organizationally desired emotions during interpersonal interactions

Question 40

Emotional Dissonance

Answer 40

Inconsistencies between the emotions people feel and the emotions they show

Question 41

Felt Emotions

Answer 41

An individual’s actual emotions

Question 42

Displayed Emotions

Answer 42

Emotions that are organizationally required and considered appropriate in a given job

Question 43

Surface Acting

Answer 43

Hiding one’s inner feelings to display what is expected

Question 44

Deep Acting

Answer 44

Trying to modifying one’s true inner feelings to match what is expected

Question 45

Emotional Intelligence (EI)

Answer 45

An assortment of non-cognitive skills, capabilities, and competencies that influence a person’s ability to succeed in coping with environmental demands and pressures

Question 46

Employee Dishonesty

Answer 46

Voluntary actions that violate established norms and threaten the organization, its members, or both