CHAPTER 2 Flashcards
define morality
principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong or good and bad behavior
define immoral
not conforming to accepted standards of morality
define amoral
lacking a moral sense; unconcerned with the rightness or wrongness of something
define character
qualities or dispositions that are consistently practiced; a constellation of strengths and weaknesses that form the person
define moral reasoning
you are born with moral development and taught it as well, education and moral development are highly realted
what does ethically right mean?
is required, must be performed, is always right
what does ethically wrong mean?
not required, must not be performed, is always wrong
what does ethically permissible mean?
there is a choice, could take right path or wrong path
define moral reasoning
moral thinking, is important because it provides a frame of reference that will help the individual make morally appropriate responses to moral dilemmas
the theories of moral development were described by who?
Piaget, Kohlberg, Gilligan
who did Piaget work with and what did he develop?
male children, developed a four-stage model of moral development
what was Piaget’s first stage?
amoral stage (ages 0-2 years old)
what was Piaget’s second stage?
egocentric stage (ages 2 -7 years old) bends rules and reacts to environment instinctively
what was Piaget’s third stage?
heteronomous stage (ages 7-12 years old) accepts the moral authority of other
what is Piaget’s fourth stage?
autonomous stage (ages 12-and older) a morality of self based on cooperation; rules tested and become internalized
who did Kohlberg work with?
men, children and adults
what were Kohlberg’s 3 levels of reasoning?
preconvention reasoning, conventional reasoning, post conventional reasoning or principled
who does the preconvention level say?
here moral reasoning is closely tied to personal concerns, externally established rules determine right and wrong action
*values reside in physical happenings, bad acts or needs
example- share toy or mommy will be mad
what is stage one in preconvention?
obedience and punishment orientation “How can I avoid punishment?” An individuals motivation to behave ethically is driven by the fear of getting caught and punishment
*obeys rules to avoid punishment
what is stage 2 in preconvention?
self-interest orientation (“what’s in it for me?”) instrumental and relativist orientation. right or wrong is a function of rewards in this stage, where a you scrach my back and ill scrach yours mentality dominates
*obeys to obtain rewards and benefits self interest
what does the conventional reasoning say?
here moral reasoning arises from comparing one’s actions with society’s expectations, in which expectations of family and groups are maintanied and where loyalty and conformity are considered important
*values reside in good or right roles, maining order
example:working together as a team
what is stage 3 in conventional?
interpersonal accord and harmony, interpersonal concordance orientation. indiviuals act with the goal of fulfilling social roles, such as student, parent, and worker
*good boy nice girl morality
*seeks acceptance rather than supporting the right decision
*praise
*friends and family
what is stage 4 in conventional?
authority and social order- maintaining orientation. the desire to maintain a functional society by obeying laws drives behaviors
*blindly accepts rules, doing one’s duty
*social order
*shows respect for authority, full member of society
what does the post-conventional level say?
here moral reasoning is closely tied to person concern, in which the person autonomously examines and defines moral values with decisions of conscience dictating the right action. people define own values in terms of ethical principles they have chosen to follow
*values reisde in comformity by self to standards, rights, and duties
example: I dont care if its the law its not right and its not fair
what is the 5th level in post conventional?
social contract orientation, legalistic orientation, greatest good for the greatest number of people (society). laws are viewed as social contracts that promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people. unjust laws and polices must therefore be resisted.
*agreement to accept laws for community well-being
*laws are viewed as open to change as long as basic principles are not changed
what is the 6th level in post conventional?
universal ethical principles, golden rule treat others as you want to be treated involes the world. Moral reasoning is based on universal ethical principles such as the golden rule
*guided by a strong set of internal principles that are generally an abstract
*follow principles even if it violates the rules
*civial disobendies is the difference betweem 5&6
who developed the female ethic of care? and what does it entail?
Gilligan, she states that women tend to see morality in the context of a relationship she calls the ethic of care, feminine moral reasoning is different from masculine moral reasoning, to survive, female individuals have had to develop a sense of responsibility based on the universal prinicle of caring
example:child abuse
male-reports for duty
female-reports because she cares about the relationship and attaches emotions
what does level one state in Gilligan’s model of moral development state?
orientation to indiviual survial and being moral is surving by being submissive (ready to conform) to society
*I LOVE ME, I LOVE YOU
what does level two state in Gilligan’s model of moral development state?
goodness as self-sacrifice, in which being moral is first not hurting others with no thought of hurt to self
*I LOVE YOU MORE THAN ME
what does level three state in Gilligan’s model of moral development state?
morality of nonviolence; avoiding hurt becomes the moral guide governing all moral reasoning
*I LOVE MYSELF AND YOU
what are the four theories of moral development that were developed by lawerence kohlberg?
cognitive
sequential
hierarchial
universal
what does cognitive say?
based on thinking and influenced by experience
what does sequential say?
one stage builds on another
what does hierarchial say?
each stage is better than the previous
what does universal say?
applicable to all persons and cultures
what does the cognitive developement theory say?
People operate on their experiences in order to make sense of them and those experiences in turn change the basic way by which they construct meanings.
Rest and his co-workers have stated,” that people who develop in moral judgment are those who love to learn, who seek challenges, and who are reflective, set goals, take risks, and profit from stimulating and challenging environments”
stage 1-
define ethics
The inquiry into the nature of morality or moral acts; values by which human beings live in relation to other human beings, nature, God, and/or themselves
(Beemsterboer 2010)
Discipline concerned with studying human behavior towards others
Judging actions of right and wrong
where do our ethics come from?
family, religion, school, success, failures, age and wisdom
define metaethics
the meaning or the significance of what is right or wrong (good and evil)
right conduct and moral duties
normative ethics is a branch of metaethics
define normative ethics
Normative ethics is a term that describes a group of theories that provide, define, and defend a system of principles and rules that determine which actions are right and wrong.
what are the different components of normative ethics?
- Deontology (Nonconsequentialism)
- Teleology (Utilitarian/Consequentialism)
define Deontology (Nonconsequentialism)
emphasis on duty, an obligation, an act to be done regardless of the consequence
principle based ethics, always keep promise
define Teleology (Utilitarian/Consequentialism)
consequentialism, end or goal
Consequentialism is predicated on the idea that the rightness or wrongness of any action is going to be determined and justified by the consequences of the act
what is the differnce between teleologists and deontologists?
teleologists is concered with the results of an action, deontologists is concered with the principle behind an action
define virtue ethics
Virtues are excellences in character that enable individuals to live well in communities
To be virtuous involves choosing the middle, moderate ground between two extremes
*This way of thinking asks, “What sort of person should I become?”
is based on character then actions
“I know she normally would not do that.”
who came up with the virtue ethics?
aristole and plato
what does duty ethics of Kant (kantian ethics) fall under?
Deonotology-obligation or duty
what does the kantian ethics say?
Following duty, not pleasure, is the highest
type of conduct for a man
*Acts are morally right regardless of the
consequences
*This way of thinking asks, “What should I
do?
what are the three basic duties?
absoulte, prima facie, and conditional
define absolute duty
binding under all circumstances, have to do it
example-can not kill
define prima facie duty
at first glance
example- should I see patient scheduled or patient in pain
define conditional duty
commitment that comes into being after certain conditions are met
example- medical research
what does Mill’s utilitarian ethics fall under?
teleology- end or goal
what does Mill’s utilitarian ethics say?
Acts are right and good which produce the greatest
happiness for the greatest number of people
Greatest amount of utility with happiness
Actions are judged right or wrong by their consequences
Consequentialist Theory
*This way of thinking asks, “ What are the
consequences of my actions?”
what does social philosophy fall under?
teleology and robin hood theory- no one should suffer, wants justice, maximize happiness to reduce suffering
what does the social philosophy say?
Justice – fairness, impartiality
Rights – valid claims guaranteed in society
Equality – state of being equal
Utilitarians understand social justice as a means
to happiness.
No one should suffer.
Priorities should be basic.
what are some ethical dilemmas that can be encountered?
Non-diagnosis of dental disease
Failure to refer to a specialist
Productivity over quality of care
Incomplete care
why dont people do what they ought to do?
Blind to the moral issues
Deficient in formulating a morally defensible course of action
Failure to give priority to moral concern
Inability or unwillingness to implement an effective plan
what is professional socialization?
The self identity and internalization process to prepare for a specific role
The role for you is the “professional dental hygienist”
what are the three things a professional socialization entaills?
Compliance
Identification
Internalization
what is the goal of ethics education?
Teach Students How To Think Rather Than How To Behave
