Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 105 > chapter 2 > Flashcards

chapter 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Atoms: the stuff of life

  1. matter
  2. energy
A
  1. eg organisms, rocks
  2. ability to do work
    - moving matter
    - heat, light, & chemical bonds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

elements:

A

a basic substances made of atoms that cannot be separated by chemical means into simpler substance
-example: pure oxygen, carbon, sodium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

periodic table:

A

(arrangement) 92 natural elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q
  1. 8
  2. oxygen
  3. O
  4. 15,9994
A
  1. atomic #
  2. element
  3. symbol
  4. atomic mass
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

25 elements essential to life (3 of them):

A
  1. bulk elements
    - eg. C,H,O,N
  2. minerals
    - eg. Na, Mg, P, K, Ca
  3. trace elements
    - eg. Fe, I
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

atoms:

A 
composed of 3 subatomic particles- 
- proton: + 
- neutron: 0 
- electron: - 
(small mass)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

atomic #

A

arranged on periodic table sequentially

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

of protons:

A

number of electrons:

Is the atom electrically neutral?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

ion:

A
  • net negative or positive charge

- hydrogen (H+), sodium (Na+), chloride (Cl-)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

3 chemical bonds:

A
  1. diatomic- molecule with 2 atoms of the same element
    eg. oxygen (O2), nitrogen (N2)
  2. compound- molecule with 2 or more different elements
    eg. nitric oxide (No), water (H2O)
  3. molecule formula- Ch4 has 4 hydrogen atoms attached to one carbon atom
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

electrons:
1. orbital
2. energy shell

A
  1. each holds up 2 elements
  2. energy shell
    diagram*
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

orbits:

A
  • # of orbits in a shell determines how many total electrons the shell can hold
  • 1st energy shel- one orbital (# of electrons?)
  • next 2 energy shell- 4 orbitals each (# of electrons?)
    diagram*
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

valence shell:

  1. insert
  2. to fill
A
  1. valance shell full so very stable
    eg. helium (He)
  2. partially empty valence shell, atoms will share, steal or donate electrons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

electronegativity:

A

measure of an atom’s ability to attract electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

covalent bonds:

  1. non-polar
  2. polar
A 
- forms when 2 atoms share electrons 
Non-polar:
1. nearly equal electronegativity 
2. will not interact with water 
3. methane (CH4) 
Polar:
1. different electronegativity 
2. interact with water 
3. water (H2O)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

ionic bonds:

A
  1. donation (not shared)
  2. often occur b/w atoms with nearly empty valence shell and nearly full valence shell
  3. electronegativity at opposite ends of the spectrum
  4. readily forms solutions
  5. examples: calcium chloride(road salt), sodium chloride (table salt)
17
Q

hydrogen bonds:

A
  1. opposite partial charge on adjacent molecules or within the same large molecule attract each other
  2. hydrogen is usually the partially positive member
  3. oxygen slightly negative
  4. relatively weak comparent to covalent & ionic
    eg. H2O molecule
18
Q

case study:

  1. cohesion
  2. adhesion
A 
- water essential to life 
Cohesion 
1. based on hydrogen bonding 
2. high surface tension that forms a "skin" strong enough to support small insects
Adhesion 
1. based on hydrogen bonding 
- cohesion & adhesion work together in capillary action 
eg. a flower 
- water comes from via roots
- exits through steam onto leaves
19
Q

universal solvent:

  1. solution
  2. hydrophilic
  3. hydrophobic
A 
solvent vs. solute 
1. aqueous solution: solvent is water 
2. water loving 
- substance readily dissolves in water 
polar covalent* 
3. water fearing
- substance doesn't dissolve 
eg. oil
20
Q

more properties of water:

A
  1. ability to resist temperature changes
  2. more heat needed to raise water’s temp. than other liquids
  3. bodies heat & cool more slowly
  4. evaporation: conversion of a liquid into vapor
21
Q

water expands when frozen:

1. ice floats

A
  1. ice covering insulates water
  2. lakes do not freeze from the bottom up
    - cells are prone to rupture when frozen
  3. adaptations to make “antifreeze” or dehydration
22
Q

water in life’s process:

A

chemical reactions:

  • chem. bonds break & new ones form
  • starting materials are reactants
  • products —> results of matter
  • atoms are neither created nor destroyed
23
Q

acids & bonds:

A
  • water can break apart into a hydrogen ion (H+) & a hydroxide ion (OH-)
  • in a neutral solution, H+ = OH-
    1. acids:
  • more H+ than OH-
  • hydrochloric acid (HCL), sulfure acid (H2SO4)
    2. base: 2 ways
    1. add OH-
    2. absorb H+
  • sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
24
Q

PH scale

A
  • acidic solution Ph 7
  • each unit is a 10-fold charge in H+ concentration
  • Ph 4-10 times more acidic than Ph 5
  • buffer systems are pairs of weak acids & bases that resist Ph changes
  • your body is full of buffer systems- carbonic acid/ bicarbonate system
  • maintains blood ~ 7.4
25
Q

bonds contain energy:

A
  • break a bond: requires energy
  • make a bond: releases energy
  • triple bonds > double bonds > single bonds
    eg. more energy released for acetylene
26
Q

organic molecules:

A
  • chemical compounds that contain both carbon and hydrogen
  • hydrocarbons consist almost entirely of carbon & hydrogen eg. CH4
  • 4 types:
    1. carbohydrates
    2. lipids
    3. proteins
    4. nucleic acids
27
Q

dehydration synthesis:

A

take out H2O

diagram*

28
Q

hydrolysis:

A

add water back in to result break in bonds

diagram*

29
Q

carbohydrates:

A
  • organic molecules that consist of carbon, hydrogen & oxygen
  • simple sugars
    1. monosaccharides- most
  • same # of carbon atoms can be put together different to give very diff. molecules
30
Q

carbs

- simple sugars

A
  • disaccarides:
    1. 2 monosaccarides
    2. sucrose= fructose + glucose
    3. covalent bond (specifically a glycosidic bond)
  • oligosaccharides:
    1. most common in plants
    2. in animals, attach to proteins on the cell membrane involved —> cell recognition
    3. typically have a sweet flavor
31
Q

complex carbs:

A
  • polysaccharides
    1. cellulose- plant cell wall
    2. chitin- exoskeleton of insects, cell wall of fungi
  • a polymer of glucose with an amine group attached
    3. starch- plant energy storage
    4. glycogen- animal & fungi energy storage
  • primary constituent of exoskeletons of crustaceans & insects
32
Q

lipids:

A
  • hydrophobic (water fearing)
  • large areas with non polar c-c 7 c-h bond
  • stored in adipose tissue
  • several groups
  • triglycerides, sterols, waxes*
33
Q

triglycerides:

A
  • saturated fatty acids have all single bonds b/w carbons
    eg. animal fat, solid
  • unsaturated fatty acids have at least 1 double bond b/w carbons
    eg. plant-derived, liquids, veg. oil
  • trans fat
    1. man made
    2. partially -hydrogenated
    3. solid at room temp.

Biology 105 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions