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Psych > Chapter 2&4 > Flashcards

Chapter 2&4 Flashcards

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1
Q

A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system

A

Neuron

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2
Q

A neurons bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body

A

Dendrites

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3
Q

Neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or muscles or glands

A

Axon

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4
Q

Fatty tissue layer incasing axons of some neurons; enables greater transmission speed as neural impulses hop from node to node

A

Myelin sheath

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5
Q

A neural impulse; brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

A

Action potential

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6
Q

Level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

A

Threshold

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7
Q

Junction between axon tip of the sending neuron and dendrite or cell body of receiving neuron

A

Synapse

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8
Q

Chemical messengers that cross synaptic gap’s between neurons

A

Neurotransmitters

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9
Q

A narrow transmitters reabsorption by the sending neuron

A

Reuptake

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10
Q

“Morphine within”, natural, opiate like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and pleasure

A

Endorphins

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11
Q

The body’s speedy, electrochemical communication network, has all nerve cells of peripheral and central

A

Nervous system

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12
Q

The brain and spinal cord

A

Central nervous system (CNS)

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13
Q

Sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body

A

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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14
Q

Bundled axons that form narrow cables connecting CNS with muscles, glands, and sense organs

A

Nerves

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15
Q

Neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord

A

Sensory neurons

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16
Q

Neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands

A

Motor neurons

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17
Q

Neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs

A

Interneurons

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18
Q

Division of the PNS that controls the body’s skeletal muscles

A

Somatic nervous system

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19
Q

Part of PNS that controls the glands and muscles of internal organs. Sympathetic division arouses. Parasympathetic division calms.

A

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

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20
Q

Division of ANS that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations

A

Sympathetic nervous system

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21
Q

Division of the ANS that calms body, conserving energy

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

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22
Q

A simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus

A

Reflex

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23
Q

Slow chemical communication system. Set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

A

Endocrine system

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24
Q

Chemical messengers that are manufactured by endocrine glands, travel through bloodstream, and affect other tissues

A

Hormones

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25
Q

Pair of endocrine glands, sit above kidneys, secrete Epinephrine and norepinephrine hormones that help arouse body in times of stress

A

Adrenal glands

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26
Q

Endocrine system’s most influential gland. Under hypothalamus influence, regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands

A

Pituitary gland

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27
Q

Concerned with links between biology and behavior

A

Biological perspective

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28
Q

Tissue destruction. Naturally or experimentally caused

A

Lesion

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29
Q

Amplified recording of waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain surface – measured by electrodes placed on the scalp

A

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

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30
Q

Visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes well the brain performs a task

A

PET (positron emission tomography) scan

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31
Q

Technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue

A

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

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32
Q

Technique for revealing bloodflow and brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans

A

fMRI (functional MRI)

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33
Q

Oldest part and central core of brain – begins where spinal cord swells; responsible for automatic survival functions

A

Brainstem

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34
Q

Base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing

A

Medulla

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35
Q

Brain sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem. Directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in cortex and transmits replies to cerebellum and medulla

A

Thalamus

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36
Q

Nerve network that travels through brainstem and plays an important role in controlling arousal

A

Reticular formation

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37
Q

“Little brain”. Back of brainstem. Processes sensory input and coordinates movement output and balance

A

Cerebellum

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38
Q

Neural system located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives

A

Limbic system

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39
Q

Two lima- beans- sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotions

A

Amygdala

40
Q

Neural structure lying below thalamus; directs maintenance activities, governs endocrine systems via pituitary gland. Linked to emotion and reward

A

Hypothalamus

41
Q

Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons; play a role in learning and thinking

A

Glial cells (glia)

42
Q

Portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments

A

Frontal lobes

43
Q

Portion of the cerebral cortex at the top of the head and towards the rear. Receives sensory input for touch and body position

A

Parietal lobes

44
Q

Portion of cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; receives info from visual field

A

Occipital lobes

45
Q

Portion of the cerebral cortex lying above the ears; includes auditory areas, each receiving info from primarily the opposite ear

A

Temporal lobes

46
Q

An area at the rear of the frontal lobe is that controls voluntary movements

A

Motor cortex

47
Q

Area at the front of parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations

A

Sensory cortex

48
Q

Areas of cerebral cortex that arent involved in primary motor or sensory functions; they’re involved in the higher mental functions

A

Association areas

49
Q

The brain’s ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience

A

Plasticity

50
Q

The formation of new neurons

A

Neurogenesis

51
Q

Large band of neuron fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and caring messages between them

A

Corpus callosum

52
Q

Condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain’s two hemispheres, by cutting the fibers connecting them

A

Split brain

53
Q

Study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior

A

Behavior genetics

54
Q

Every nongenetic influence, from parental nutrition to people and things around us

A

Environment

55
Q

Threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

A

Chromosomes

56
Q

A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes

A

DNA

57
Q

Biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein

A

Genes

58
Q

The complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organisms chromosomes

A

Genome

59
Q

Twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms

A

Identical twins

60
Q

Twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than Brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment

A

Fraternal twins

61
Q

A persons characteristic emotional relativity and intensity

A

Temperament

62
Q

The subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes

A

Molecular genetics

63
Q

The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to Junes. Varies depending on range of populations and environments studied.

A

Heritability

64
Q

The interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity)

A

Interaction

65
Q

The study of influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change

A

Epigenetics

66
Q

The study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection

A

Evolutionary psychology

67
Q

Among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations

A

Natural selection

68
Q

A random error in Gene replication that leads to a change

A

Mutation

69
Q

In psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female

A

Gender

70
Q

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

A

Culture

71
Q

And understood role for excepted and expected behavior

A

Norm

72
Q

Giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity In terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications

A

Individualism

73
Q

Giving priority to the goals of one’s group and defining one’s identity accordingly

A

Collectivism

74
Q

Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone

A

Aggression

75
Q

The sex chromosome found in both men and women.

A

X chromosome

76
Q

The sex chromosome found only in males

A

Y chromosome

77
Q

Most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty

A

Testosterone

78
Q

A set of expectations about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

A

Role

79
Q

A set of expected behaviors for males or females

A

Gender role

80
Q

The theory that we learned social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

A

Social learning theory

81
Q

Our sense of being male or female

A

Gender identity

82
Q

The acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

A

Gender typing

83
Q

An umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex

A

Transgender

84
Q

Genetically predisposition

A

We are made to reproduce

85
Q

If you see a guy in a dress, your brain is confused

A

Gender schema

86
Q

Brain sections old to new

A

Brain stem, limbic, cerebral cortex

87
Q

Genetically predisposition

A

We are made to reproduce

88
Q

If you see a guy in a dress, your brain is confused

A

Gender schema

89
Q

Brain sections old to new

A

Brain stem, limbic, cerebral cortex

90
Q

Long term memory

A

Hippocampus

91
Q

Phineas gage

A

Frontal love dales with temperament and self control

92
Q

The brain changes its function and structures depending on external environment

A

Plasticity

93
Q

Corpus callosum cut

A

Reduces seizures

94
Q

Bumps

A

Phrenology

95
Q

The idea that various brain regions have particular functions

A

Localization of function

96
Q

DCBA

A

Dendrite, cell body, axon, bulbs

Psych (13 decks)

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