Chapter 2 Flashcards
Egocentric bias
Bias toward perceiving and recalling oneself as a central actor in past events. Anthony Greenwald said autobiography is colored by this.
Self-reference effect
The finding that information is recalled better when it is relevant to the self that when it is not.
Facial feedback hypothesis
The hypothesis that changes in facial expression can lead to corresponding changes in emotion.
Facials feedback hypothesis experiment
Conducted by James Laid. He showed subjects cartoons and attached them to electrodes on their faces. Happier when they were smiling than frowning.
Social comparison theory
The theory that people evaluate their own abilities and opinions by comparing themselves to others.
Two Factor theory of emotion
The theory that the experience of emotion is based on two factors: physiological arousal and a cognitive interpretation of that arousal. Made by Stanley Schachter
Overjustification
The tendency for intrinsic motivation to diminish for activities that have become associated with reward or other extrinsic factors.
Self-handicapping
Behaviors designed to sabotage one’s own performance in order to provide a subsequent excuse for failure. First described by Stephen Berglas and Edward Jones.
Individualistic
Self-reliant, independent, and assertive
Collectivist
Groups, what is best for society as a whole rather than the individual
Self-discrepancy theory
The theory by E. Tory Higgins- the theory linking the perception of discrepancies between a person’s self-concept and various self-guides to specific, negative emotional states. Your self-esteem is defined by the match between how you see yourself and how you want to see yourself.
Introspective
A looking inward at one’s own thoughts and feelings.
Basking in reflected glory
Increasing self-esteem by associating with others who are successful.
BIRG experiment
Robert Cialdini gave students a general knowledge test and rigged the results so half would succeed and half would fail. The students were asked to describe in their own Peres the outcome of a recent football game. Students who thought they failed the test were more likely than those who thought they had succeeded to share in their teams victory by saying we won and distance themselves from the defeat by saying they lost.
Self-perception theory
By Daryl Bem. The theory that when internal cues are difficult to interpret, people gain self-insight by observing their own behavior.
Autobiographical memory
Recollections of the sequences of events that have touched you your life.
Hindsight bias
The tendency, once an event has occurred, to overestimate one’s ability to have foresee the outcome.
Self-monitoring
According to Mark Snyder. The tendency to change behavior in response to the self-presentation concerns of the situation.
Self-verification
The second main self-presentation motive. The desire to have others perceive us as we genuinely perceive ourselves.
Self-concept
The sum total of an individual’s beliefs about his or her own personal attributes.
Where does self-concept come from?
Introspection, perceptions of our own behavior, influences of other people, and autobiographical memory.
Introspection
The process of looking inward and examining ones own self and ones actions in order to gain insight.
Perceptions of our own behavior
Daryl Bem believes people can learn about themselves the same way outside observers do -by watching their own behavior.
If a person lacks self-esteem they are likely to…
Anxious, depressed, pessimistic about the future, and prone to failure.
Differences between men and women with self presentation and self handicapping
Women have more anxiety and high levels of covert self esteem.
Three types of eating disorders
Anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating
