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asexual reproduction > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

0
Q

Explain how cell division is responsible for growth

A

Once the cell grows beyond the a certain size it cannot function properly so it divides creating two smaller cells that will perform the same functions

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1
Q

Give three reasons why cells divide

A

To grow, repair, and reproduce

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2
Q

Why do cells reproduce faster than other types of cells?

A

Skin cells can reproduce faster because they are constantly dying off

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3
Q

Give a location where cells might reproduce faster than others

A

Blood
Heart
Cheek bones
Brain

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4
Q

A) broken leg
B) lizard shedding skin
C) bacteria
D) puppy

A

Repair
Grow
Reproduce
Grow

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5
Q

What are the sides of the ladder made of

A

Phosphate and sugar

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6
Q

What Re the rungs made of

A

Nitrogenous bases

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7
Q

Name of each of the molecules that make up the rungs

A 
Adenine (A) 
Thymine (T) 
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G) 
A-T always go together 
C-G always go together 
These are called base pairs
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8
Q

Describe how the Dna molecule replicates

A

Each Dna molecule splits in many places between he pairs of bases like a broken zipper. New bases join up with bases in each of the opened sides of he ladder to form 2 identical Dna molecules. Since the base pairs always line up the Dna molecule is identical. So it has a old strand and a new strand of Dna

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9
Q

What part of the Dna molecules determines the genetic code of an organism

A

The bases of Dna

Bases combine to form three letter words each of these is a code for one of 20 different amino acids .

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10
Q

What is a human genome

A

All of an organisms genes is called a genome. It contains the 23 pairs of chromosome int the nucleus of almost every cell in the body

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11
Q

Where are proteins made

What are the building blocks of proteins

A

In the ribosomes

Amino acids

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12
Q

How is the genetic code transferred from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

A

Dna segement that make a gene is used to make another molecule called RNA. A gene segment of Dna separates and an rna molecule is constructed from one half of the DNS the rna molecule than carries the code from the gene out of the nucleus to a ribosome in the cytoplasm the ribosome reads the instructions on the rna and assembles the appropriate amino acids in the correct order to make the protein

Dna unzips -> RNA COPIES DNA SEGMENT -> ribosome assembles amino acids into a protein

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13
Q

Genes

A

Codes for a specific protein
Our genes determine our traits we have
Genes also control the proteins made in our cells

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14
Q

Nucleus

A

The control centre of the cell. Directs and controls all of the cells activities include the ability of the cell to grow, develop, and replicate
In the nucleus the instructions for how to perform all cell activities are carried in molecules of DNA

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15
Q

DNA

A

DNA store the instructions for how to form cells for the chemicals and structures that cells must make and for everything that the cell does
It also stores the genetic material information passed down from generation to generation when organisms reproduce

16
Q

DNA related to chromosomes and genes

A

Stands of DNA are packed tightly into structures called chromosomes. each type of organism has a specific number of chromosomes. Humans have 46 chromosomes arranged into 23 pairs

Genes are found at a specific place on a chromosome. genes are small segments of DNA that carry the instructions for making proteins. Proteins are molecules that all the cells of the body need in order to work properly. 100,000 proteins in the human body

17
Q

Proteins made where?

A

They are made in the cell by ribosomes. ribosomes are made by a large structure in the nucleus called the nucleolus

18
Q

Centriole

A

Organelle made of special micro tubules

19
Q

Nucleotide

A

Molecule made of sugar molecule, phosphate molecule, and a nitrogenous base

20
Q

Trait

A

One version of a characteristic

21
Q

Sister chromatids

A

A chromosome and its copy

Chromosomes make copies of themselves in interphase

22
Q

Parent cell

Daughter cell

A

A cell before it divides

One of the two identical cells produced when a parent cell divide

23
Q

The cell cycle

A

90% in interphase
10% in cell division
3 stages
Interphase: this stage make up most of the cells life. Cells grow and carry out normal life functions in cells that will divide the nucleus makes a copy of its DNA in a process called replication
Mitosis: the nucleus divides into two equal and identical parts. each part has a copy of the DNA
Cytokinesis: the two equal and identical parts of the cell separate. the result is two identical cells each with a nucleus and DNA

24
Q

Phases of mitosis

A

4 phases of mitosis

Prophase: the duplicated chromosomes form into an X shape and the nucleolus disappears called sister chromatids and the join in the centre
Centrioles form spindle fibres or microtubules which are tiny tube like structures made of protein

Metaphase: the sister chromatids attach to the spindle fibres and line up across the middle of th cell

Anaphase: sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite parts of the cell
They are now called chromosomes again

Telophase: a nucleolus forms around the chromosomes at the opposite ends of the dividing cell
Nuclear membrane reforms

25
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of the organelles

Cell pin she’s down the middle to form 2 daughter cells

26
Q

Cell division

A

New cells arise from pre existing cells
3 main functions growth repair and reproduction

Growth: cells have limits to their size
Too big can’t function so they divide into two smaller cells
Specialized cells form tissues and organs

Repair: damaged cells are repaired by being replaced
You have 100,000,000,000,000 cells
About every 7 years these cells are all replaced except for brain and heart muscle cells

Reproduction: single celled organisms reproduce by cell division
Ex. Paramecium, ameba, euglena
Multicellular organisms humans reproduce through sexual reproduction 2 cells Combine to form a zygote

27
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Only one organism needed to reproduce
All the offspring are genetically identical to each other and to the parent
A single organism can produce large number s of offspring

  1. Binary Fission
    Only occurs in single celled organisms
    Parent undergoes mitosis to produce 2 identical daughter cells
    Examples ameba paramecium bacteria
  2. Budding
    Offspring begins as a small growth on the parent
    Offspring breaks off and becomes independent
    Hydra
  3. Vegetative reproduction
    Occurs in plants
    Plants send out runners or shoots which grow into new plants
    Strawberries spider plants
  4. Fragmentation
    A part breaks off and grows into a new organism
    Regeneration occurs in both the parent and the piece that breaks off
    Starfish planaria
  5. Spore formation
    Spore are like seeds but they don’t need pollination or fertilization Spore grow into a new organism in the same way a seed grows into a plant
    Ferns or puff balls
28
Q

During the process of cloning scientists …

A

Remove the nucleus from an egg cell

29
Q

Advantage of asexual reproduction

A

Large numbers of offspring reproduce quickly

30
Q

Disadvantage of asexual reproduction …q

A

Extreme temperature can wipe out entire colonies

31
Q

Mutation

A

Is a change in the genetic material DNA of a gene. Changes in the DNA may cause proteins to be made incorrectly or with incorrect shape

32
Q

Mutagen

A

Factors in the environment that causes a mutation

X Rays UV Rays (tanning) cigarette smoke and posing us chemicals such a s pesticides

33
Q

Types of mutations

A

Negative mutations: can be harmful to the organism. For example some people are born with a mutated gene that makes their red blood cells have a curved shape instead of the normal disc shape. The curved shape prevents the cells from carrying oxygen well and blocks the blood flow to blood vessels

Positive: some can be helpful to the organism. Some plants carry a mutated gene that protects them from certain diseases. Some people have a mutated gene that produces a special protein that prevents them from H.I.V infecting them. This type benefits an individual

Neutral: these have no effect on the organism
Most mutations are neutral
Spirit bear has a mutated gene that causes their fur to be white instead of black. This mutation does not in any way affect their lives.

34
Q

Gene therapy

A

Some mutations as an be treated with drugs and surgery. New techniques for treating gene mutations is called gene therapy. Researchers must replace the mutated gene with a healthy copy. The good gene must first attach to the chromosomes. Then the gene must make the appropriate type and amount of protein. Still experimental

35
Q

Cloning

A

Type of asexual reproduction
A single cel is used to grow a clone

How 1. Nucleus of a cell from the donor is combined with an empty egg -> DNA removed

     2. Cell undergoes mitosis, grows into an embryo ( in a lab) 
     3. Embryo is implanted into a mother which carries out the developing clone 
     4. Mother gives birth clone is identical to the donor NOT the mother
36
Q

Pros and cons of cloning

A

Pros
Clone livestock cows and chickens for food
Clone animals to grow humans organs for transplant

Cons
Mutations and new diseases
Ethical issues

37
Q

Stem cells

A

Stem cells have the ability to divide and form many different types of cells
Embryonic stem cells can become almost any human cells
Researchers use discarded embryos from fertility clinics
This requires the destruction of the embryo

Benefits 
Grow new organs for transplant 
Repair and replace damaged tissue ex. Spinal injuries 
Replaced diseased cells 
Future discoveries for more research

Cons
Ethical issues
Mutations, new disease arise from research

38
Q

Cancer

A

Mutagens can cause changes in the cell cycle so that the cells keep dividing continuously. The cells pile up on top of each other forming a lump or a Tumour. The uncontrolled cell division sometimes results in cancers.

Mitosis when it is out of control
Cells divide rapidly over and over -> results in lumps of tumours
A mutation in the genes that control the mitosis cause it to go out of control
Cancerous cells have these characteristics
1. Cancer cells have an enlarged nucleus
2. Use more nutrients than normal

2 types of tumours form by cells dividing

  1. Benign
    Cells grow and divide but stay in one place
    Don’t usually interfere with the other tissues
    Ex warts
  2. Malignant
    Cells invade surrounding tissues and prevent normal cell functions
    This spreading is called metastasis

Causes
Carcinogens anything that causes cancer

Treatments
1. Surgery remove the tumours before. They metastasis spread
2. Radiation kill the cells by disrupting cell division (very targeted)
4. Chemo therapy using drugs or chemicals to stop cells from dividing
Chemical therapy

Radiation and chemo also kill healthy cells too
They kill the fast growing or dividing cells so that also includes hair and skin cells so that means that sometimes people will start losing their hair and get burns on their skin

asexual reproduction (1 decks)

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