Chapter 2 Flashcards
Facts about East Asia
-1/4 of the world’s population -Chinese population is clustered near the Pacific Coast+ in several fertile river valleys-more than 1/2 of the people live in rural areas-China=worlds most populous country-4th largest country in land area
Facts about South Asia
Population is heavily concentrated near India’s to coast-lines -the Arabians sea to the West and the Bay of Bengal to the east -populated along the Ganges river+ Indus plains - Lahore, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Bay of Bengal,= largest concentration of people
Facts about Southeast Asia
About 600 mill. people live mostly on a series of islands that lie between the Indian and Pacific oceans -Indonesia= fourth most populous country- river valleys and deltas are clustered -Largest population concentration= island of Java
Facts about Europe
3/4s of Europe’s people live in cities, highest population concentrations= near the major rivers and coalfields of Germany, Belgium, London, Paris -four dozen countires, fewer than 10% are farmers
Facts about Eastern North America
cluster goes along the Atlantic coast from Boston to Newport, News Virginia and Westward along the Great lakes to Chicago
Facts about West Africa
Largest cluster=Atlantic coast -Nigeria=most populous country -agriculture
Define ecumene
The portion of Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human-settlement
Define non-ecumene
The portion of the Earth’s surface that is considered too harsh to settle on-ex: Antarctica
Dry lands-why cant people live there
too dry for farming. no farming=no food= you be dead. Deserts=no water, too hot
Wet lands-why cant people live there
Receives very high levels of rain+heat. rain+heat=nutrients depleting from the soil. no fertile soil=no crops=you be dead
Cold lands-why can people live there
ice everywhere= unable to grow food=you be dead, too cold to live there
High lands-why cant people live there
High elevation+steep mountains makes it challenging to settle -also covered n snow=hard to grow crops. no crops = you be dead
Define Arithmetic density
The total number of objects in an area. population divided by land
Define physiological density
The number of people supported by a unit area of arable land (arable land=land suited for agriculture)
What occurs when the rate of physiological density increases?
There will be less arable land for people and the availability of land could run out
Define agricultural density
The ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land
Define crude birth rate (CBR)
The total number of live births in a year (for every 1000 person alive in the society)
Define natural increase rate (NIR)
The percentage by which a population grows in a year
What is the NIR today?
1.2 (population of the world has been growing 1.2% each year)
When did the global NIR peak, and what was it?
2.2, 1963, baby boomers
About how many people are being added to the worlds population each year?
About 82 mill people
Define Doubling time
The number of years that are needed to double a population
In what world regions is most growth occurring
Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, equally divided in East Asia, Southeast Asia, Latin America, Southwest Asia+ North Africa
Define total fertility rate (TFR)
The average number of children a woman will have throughout her child bearing years
What is the global “average” TFR?
2.5% -exceeds 5% in Sub-Saharan Africa, 2% or less in nearly all European countries
Note the rates and locations of the global “highs and lows” in TFR
Higher fertility rates in developing countries
Lower fertility rates in developed countries
The shape of a pyramid is primarily determined by what demographic countries?
Age+gender
What is dependency ratio?
The number of people who are too young or too old to work compared to the number of people in their productive years
What age groups are categorized as “dependent”?
1 to 14 yrs. and 65+. The larger the dependency ratio the larger the financial burden on those who are working
What does the “graying” of a population refer to?
The aging of the population
What is the sex ratio?
The number of males per 100 females in the population
What tyoes of countries/regions are likely to have more males than females? why????????????????????
Asian/Indian countries bc males are thought of more highly than females which can lead a mother to abort her female baby. Developed countries have more females bc they tend to love longer. HA
The demographic transition is a _______with several _______ and every _______ is in one of the stages
process of change, factors, country
Characteristics of Stage 1*
low growth, very high birth rate+death rate= no long-term natural increase, not much population growth, relies on hunting and gathering. no food=people died often. every country was here at one point but no country is here today
Characteristics of Stage 2*
High growth, rapid declining death rates+ very high birth rates= high natural increase, industrial revolution boosted U.K.+U.S. to stage 2, medical revolution=Africa, Asia+Latin America
Characteristics of Stage 3*
Decreasing growth, birth rates rapidly decline=natural increase-moderate- CBR drops sharply, CDR declines slowly. pop. still grows bc CBR is greater than CDR. lower CBR= fewer children being born
Characteristics of Stage 4*
low growth, very low birth rate+death rate= no long term natural increase+ maybe a decrease. CBR declines to the point when= CDR+NIR=0 population growth= lack of population in a long term
A country in Stage 2
Cape Verde-1950, large gap between birth and death rates. At 1950 births rates went shooting up+population
A country in Stage 3
Chile- 1960: Death rates declined sharply due to the medical revolution and more medicine being able to save more peoples lives. 1960- birth rates declined sharply
A country in Stage fo
Denmark- 1970s, percentages of young and elderly people are nearly the same. no change due to advancements, low birth rates and death rates
How many countries are in Stage 1?
NONE FOOL, TRICK QUESTION
How many countries are in stage 2?
5- more developing countries, LDC’S -semi-periphery/industrializing, mostly capitalist countries
How many countries are in Stage 4?
Denmark, 1-core countries (industrialized, capitalist) countries- W. Europe, Japan, U.S., Canada
What revolution came to Europe and North American and when? or the “first break”
During the industrial revolution, helped with major improvements in manufacturing goods and providing jobs -wealth increased, economic+economy increased conditions
What revolution came Africa, Asia, and Latin America and when? or the “first break”
During the medical revolution, medical technology diffused, helped stop deaths due to decrease
Identify the tow strategies that have been successful in reducing birth rates, explain
- Lowering birth rates through education and health care.
2. Lowering birth rates thorough contraception
What did Thomas Malthus believe in?
The worlds population rate increase was going to outrun the development of food. population= grows geometrically, food supply= arithmetically
What did Neo-Mathusians (contemporary) believe in?
world pop. growth is outnumbering more than just food production. failed to see that poor countries would have the most rapid pop. growth due to advancments of medical technology
What do critics of Malthus believe yo
pop. growth would=economic growth which would= more production of goods=more jobs. more pop=more ideas for better ways of improving life and producing more FOOODDDD
Where has Mathus’s theory proven right?
close on food production ex. rice production in India. Human pop. has increased slower than the predicted+then food production
How is Japan’s population expected to change by 2050? Why is this expected to happen? Why is it problematic for Japan?
Expected to decline from 127 million (2010) to 95 million (2050). 2. Japan does not like immigrants, therefore with few immigrants= severe shortage of workers population decreases=less workers. Declining birth rates 3. Without workers Japan can’t have much/any production, which equals no $, poor economy, no production=economic crisis. BASICALLY LABOR SHORTAGE LAWD
Identify the “first break” in the demographic transition and its cause
The sudden drop in death rate caused by technological advancements, and medical advancements
Identify the “second break” in the demographic transition and its cause
The sudden drop in birth rates. Cause by: changing social customs. (excepting contraception’s, getting jobs, having less children)
What would characterize a possible stage 5 of the DTM?
A country that has passed through the 4 stages, very low CBR, increasing CDR, negative NIR
Key points about India’s population policy
India’s independence caused it to have rapid pop. growth. Birth control and stuff like that grew throughout India to help and lower the population- they were free or very low. abortions were legal. voluntary sterilization, family planning
Key points about China’s population policy
one child policy. couples receive financial subsidies, long maternity leave, better housing, and more land if they agree to have only one child. Marriage is only allowed at 22 yrs old for men, 20 yrs for women, free contraception’s y abortions
What is epidemiologic transition?
distinctive health threats in each stage of the demographic transition
Notes on stage 1
Pestilence and famine/high CDR. Most human deaths caused by parasitic+infectious diseases- also by human/animal attacks. Ex: THE BLACK PLAGUEEE
Notes on stage 2
receding pandemics, rapidly decling CDR. improved sanitation, nutrition, and medicine. during the Industrial rev. decreased the spread of disease. GIS was used when there were no computers to see cholera-infected water pumps
Notes on stage 3
Degenerative diseases (moderately declining CDR) decrease in deaths from diseases, increase in chronic disorders like cancer+heart attacks. low cancer rates in sub Saharan Africa and south asia bc of low expectancy
Notes on stage 4
Delayed degenerative disease/low but increasing CDR) technological advances delay death of chronic diseases such as cancer. life expectancy of older people is extended, improving health choices like eating healthier
Notes on possible stage 5
CDR rises bc of elderly people . apparent diseases that have been controlled and eradicated are “back” ones are coming- due to evolution, poverty, and increase connection. viruses’ and parasites evolve to human resitances, unsanitary conditions in poorer areas, have a greater risk of infecting people
Define Infant mortality rate
The annual number of deaths of infants under 1 yr. of age (compared with total live births)
Define life expectancy
The average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live a current mortality levels
How are these mortality rates distributed globally, in terms of the developed and developing worlds?
Mortality rates are higher in developing countries, b/c they can’t afford medical care for natural births. In developed countries mortality rates are lower b/c they have the wealth for proper medical care.
Compare variations in health care between developed and developing countries
Both spend decent amount of money on health care. both care provide medical care. both have child, immunizations. both have a group of people that cannot afford medical care.
Contrasts variations in health care between developed and developing countries
Developed: have more immunizations, have more expenditures on providing for widows, elderly, single parent etc., spend more wealth and money on health care.
Developing: Spend less on health care, less immunizations, 17% of children are not of immunized for Measles, less support for people who are elderly, single parents, widows, etc.
